Ištuanda | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early 1st millennium BCE ?–Unknown | |||||||
 Ištuanda among the Syro-Hittite states | |||||||
| Capital | Ištuanda | ||||||
| Common languages | Luwian | ||||||
| Religion | Luwian religion | ||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||
| King | |||||||
•
r.
c. 738 BC –
c. 732 BC | Tuḫamme | ||||||
| Historical era | Iron Age | ||||||
• Established | Early 1st millennium BCE ? | ||||||
• Disestablished | Unknown | ||||||
| |||||||
| Today part of | Turkey | ||||||
Ištuanda ( Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒌷𒄑𒌅𒀭𒁕 [1] [2]) or Ištunda ( Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒌷𒅖𒌅𒌦𒁕 [3]) was a Luwian-speaking Syro-Hittite state which existed in the region of Tabal in southeastern Anatolia in the Iron Age.
Location
Ištuanda was located in northern Cappadocia, in the northwestern part of the Tabalian region close to the kingdom of Atuna and near what is presently Aksaray. [4] [5] [6]
History
Bronze Age
The territory that later became Ištuanda might have corresponded to region which was referred to in Hittite texts from the Late Bronze Age as Wasuduwanda (𒌷𒉿𒋗𒁺𒉿𒀭𒁕 [7]), [4] which was the site of a shrine to the goddess Ḫepat. [8]
Iron Age
By c. 738 BC, the Tabalian region, including Ištuanda, had become a tributary of the Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III, possibly after his conquest of Arpad over the course of 743 to 740 BC caused the states of the Tabalian region to submit to him, or possibly as a result of a campaign of Tiglath-pileser III in Tabal. [9] [10] [11]
Consequently, in 738 and 732 BCE, the king Tuḫamme of Ištuanda was one of the five rulers of the Tabalian region who paid tribute to Tiglath-pileser III. [4] [5]
Around c. 710 BCE, Ištuanda and the nearby Tabalian state of Atuna jointly attacked and occupied some of the cities of Bīt-Burutaš which the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II had handed over to his loyal vassal, the king Warpalawas II of Tuwana. [12] [4] [13] [5] [6]
List of kings of Ištuanda
- Tuḫamme ( Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒁹𒌅𒄩𒄠𒈨; [14] [15] r. c. 738 BC – c. 732 BC)
References
- ^ "Ištundaya [OF IšTUNDA] (EN)". State Archives of Assyria Online. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
- ^ "Ištundaya [OF IšTUNDA] (EN)". Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
- ^ "Ištundayu [OF IšTUNDA] (EN)". Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
- ^ a b c d Bryce 2009, p. 338.
- ^ a b c Bryce 2012, p. 147.
- ^ a b Weeden 2023, p. 1000.
- ^ Kryszeń 2023.
- ^ Bryce 2009, p. 764.
- ^ Bryce 2012, p. 144.
- ^ Bryce 2012, p. 271.
- ^ Aro 2013, p. 389.
- ^ Bryce 2009, p. 93.
- ^ Bryce 2009, p. 726.
- ^ "Tuhamme [RULER OF IšTUNDA] (RN)". Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
- ^ "Tuhamme [RULER OF IšTUNDA] (RN)". Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
Bibliography
- Aro, Sanna (2013). "Tabal". In Streck, Michael P. [in German]; Frantz-Szabó, Gabriella; Krebernik, Manfred [in German]; Bonacossi, D. Morandi; Postgate, J. N.; Seidl, Ursula [in German]; Stol, M.; Wilhelm, Gernot [in German] (eds.). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (in German). Vol. 13. Berlin, Germany; New York City, United States: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 388–391. ISBN 978-3-110-30715-3.
- Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39485-7.
- Bryce, Trevor (2012). The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-21872-1.
- Kryszeń, A. (2023). "Wašuduwanta". Hittite Toponyms. University of Mainz; University of Würzburg. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
- Weeden, Mark (2023). "The Iron Age States of Central Anatolia and Northern Syria". In Radner, Karen; Moeller, Nadine; Potts, Daniel T. (eds.). The Age of Assyria. The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 4. New York City, United States: Oxford University Press. pp. 912–1026. ISBN 978-0-190-68763-2.
See also
Syro-Hittite states and cities | |||||||||||||||||
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| Luwian states |
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| Aramaean states |
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| Bronze Age | |
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| Iron Age | |
| Classical Age | |
