Assuwa, roughly most part of West
Asia Minor /
Anatolia, it was a
confederation (or league) of 22 ancient Anatolian states that formed some time before 1400 BC (may have been the origin of the name Asia)
Arzawa, roughly part of West
Asia Minor /
Anatolia, it was formed in the second half of the 2nd millennium BC (roughly from the late 15th century BC until the beginning of the 12th century BC). Contemporary to Assuwa in Western
Anatolia (capital was known as
Apasa by the
Hittites, later called
Ephesos by the
Greeks).
Included several of the same regions or lands as the
Assuwa League but not the ones that are mentioned below:
Known western Anatolian late-Bronze Age regions and/or political entities which, to date, have not been cited as having been part of the Arzawa complex are:
Hittite
Arzawa / Hittite
Assuwa, formed by three western provinces (after
Hittite Empire conquest), roughly most of
Asia Minor /
Anatolia, it was almost identical to the "
Assuwa League" lands or regions, more than to
Arzawa, that seems to have been smaller and less powerful.
Katerra Udnē ("Lowland" in
Hittite) (Plateau of Central Anatolia) (later mostly part of
Cappadocia and may have included some parts of
Lycaonia or not,
Lycaonia was mostly
Luwian speaking or to a more closely related language and not
Hittite /
Nesite speaking) (German name on the map: Unteres Land) (Katerra Udnē was possibly related to the name Katta Peda - "Place Below" or "Place Down", from katta - "below" or "down", and peda - "place", that originated the name
Cappadocia through the possible phonetic change - Katt(a)-peda > *Kat-peda > *Kat-pata > *Kat-patu + ka > Kat-patuka > *Kappaduka, borrowed to
Greek as Kappadokía)
Nesa, original land of the
Hittites /
Nesites who called themselves by the name Nesumines - "(people) from Nesa" and their language Nesili - "(language) from Nesa". "Nesa" was the name not only of a city but also of a region or country south of the middle
Marassantiya /
Halys river course.
Luwiya / Luwa (seems to have included most part of Southern and Southeastern
Anatolia that was
Luwian speaking) (it was related but not identical to
Assuwa and its contemporary
Arzawa in Western
Anatolia)
Kizzuwadna / Kizzuwatna (
Luwian: Kizz Uwadna / Kizz Uwatna - "Land on this Side", from kizz - "on this side" and uwadna or uwatna - "land" or "country";
Hittite: Kez Udnē - "Land on this Side", from kez - "on this side" and udnē - "land" or "country") (later
Cilicia Pedias /
Cilicia Campestris in the
Classical Age)
Tabal (region or country and also
post-HittiteLuwian state in the first millennium BC) (Tuwana > *Tuwan(a) > *Tuwan > *Tuban > *Tubal > Tabal) (this name may have been the inspiration for the
Old Hebrew name
Tubal, son of
Japheth, son of
Noah, in the
Bible)
Tarhuntassa city, Tarhuntas Assa - "Tarhunt city" (one of the capitals of
Hittite Empire in a country or region of the same name)
Zanta Uwadna - Plateau of Central Anatolia.
Luwian cognate and equivalent to
HittiteKaterra Udnē - "Lowland" in
Hittite (may have included some parts or most part of
Lycaonia or not,
Lycaonia was mostly
Luwian speaking or to a more closely related language and not
Hittite /
Nesite speaking) (German name on the map: Unteres Land)
Cappadocia (a significant part roughly corresponding to ancient "Land of Hatti" or Hatti) (name possibly derived from the
HittiteKatta Peda- - Place Below or Place Down, from katta - below or down and peda - place; possible phonetic change - Katt(a)-peda > *Kat-peda > *Kat-pata > *Kat-patu + ka > Kat-patuka > *Kappaduka, borrowed to
Greek as Kappadokía)
Galatia (named after the
Galatians, a
Celtic people, that arrived in Central
Anatolia by the early 3rd century BC, it didn't exist until then and was made by Galatian conquests of parts of
Phrygia and
Cappadocia)
Pieria (part of ancient
Palistin) (although administratively in
Roman Syria on the border area, it was on the west slope of the
Amanus mountains, and sometimes it was included in
Cilicia Pedias)
Note: Over time the regions did not always were the same and had the same size or the same borders and sometimes included different subregions, districts, divisions or parts or were united with others.
The names of many regions ended in "e" [e] that was the Eastern Greek (
AtticIonicAncient Greek) equivalent to the Western Greek (
Doric Greek) "a" [a] and also to the
Latin "a" [a].
In
Ancient Greek the "ph" represented the consonants p [p] and h [h] pronounced closely and not the f [f] consonant.
In
Ancient Greek the "y" represented the vowel [y] (ü) and not the semivowel [j] or the vowels [i] or [I].