Overview of the foreign relations of Hungary
Hungary wields considerable influence in
Central and Eastern Europe and is a
middle power in international affairs.
[1]
[2] The
foreign policy of Hungary includes commitments to
international development ,
international law ,
European integration ,
Atlantic co-operation and increased co-operation with the
Eastern World .
[3] The
Hungarian economy is fairly open and relies strongly on
international trade .
Hungary has been a member of the
United Nations since December 1955 and holds current membership with the
European Union ,
NATO , the
OECD , the
Visegrád Group , the
WTO , the
World Bank , the
AIIB and the
IMF . Hungary took on the presidency of the
Council of the European Union for half a year in 2011 and the next will be in 2024. In 2015, Hungary was the fifth largest
OECD Non-
DAC donor of
development aid in the world, which represents
0.13% of its Gross National Income . In this regard, Hungary stands before
Spain ,
Israel or
Russia .
Hungary's capital city,
Budapest is home to more than 100
embassies and representative bodies as an international political actor.
[4] Hungary hosts the main and regional headquarters of many international organizations as well, including
European Institute of Innovation and Technology ,
European Police College ,
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ,
International Centre for Democratic Transition ,
Institute of International Education ,
International Labour Organization ,
International Organization for Migration ,
International Red Cross , Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe,
Danube Commission and even others.
[5]
From 1989, Hungary's top foreign policy goal was achieving integration into Western economic and security organizations. Hungary joined the
Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and has actively supported the
IFOR and
SFOR missions in Bosnia. Hungary also improved its often frosty neighborly relations by signing basic treaties with
Ukraine ,
Slovakia , and
Romania . These renounce all outstanding territorial claims and lay the foundation for constructive relations. However, the issue of
ethnic Hungarian minority rights in Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine periodically causes bilateral tensions to flare up. Hungary since 1989 has signed all of the
OSCE documents, and served as the OSCE's Chairman-in-Office in 1997. Hungary's record of implementing
CSCE Helsinki Final Act provisions, including those on the reunification of divided families, remains among the best in Central and Eastern Europe.
Except for the short-lived
neutrality declared by the
anti-Soviet leader
Imre Nagy in November 1956,
Hungary 's foreign policy generally followed the
Soviet lead from 1947 to 1989. During the
Communist period, Hungary maintained treaties of friendship, cooperation, and mutual assistance with the
Soviet Union ,
Poland ,
Czechoslovakia , the
German Democratic Republic ,
Romania , and
Bulgaria . It was one of the founding members of the Soviet-led
Warsaw Pact and
Comecon , and it was the first country to withdraw from those organizations. After 1989, Hungary oriented more towards the West, joining
NATO in 1999 and the
European Union in 2004. In 2010, Hungary initiated its Eastern Opening Policy, marking a commitment to enhancing relations with nations in the global East.
[3]
Meeting of
Visegrád Group leaders, plus Germany and France in 2013
United Nations conference in the assembly hall of
House of Magnates in the
Hungarian Parliament
Overview
As with any country, Hungarian security attitudes are shaped largely by history and geography. For Hungary, this is a history of more than 400 years of domination by great powers—the
Ottomans , the
Habsburg dynasty, the
Germans during
World War II , and the Soviets during the
Cold War —and a geography of regional instability and separation from Hungarian minorities living in neighboring countries. Hungary's foreign policy priorities, largely consistent since 1990, represent a direct response to these factors. From 1990, Hungary's top foreign policy goal was achieving integration into Western economic and security organizations. Hungary joined the
Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and has actively supported the
IFOR and
SFOR missions in
Bosnia . The
Horn government achieved Hungary's most important foreign policy successes of the post-communist era by securing invitations to join both
NATO and the
European Union in 1997. Hungary became a member of NATO in 1999,
[6] and a member of the
EU in 2004.
[7]
Hungary also has improved its often frosty neighborly relations by signing basic treaties with
Romania ,
Slovakia , and
Ukraine . These renounce all outstanding territorial claims and lay the foundation for constructive relations. However, the issue of ethnic Hungarian minority rights in Slovakia and Romania periodically causes bilateral tensions to flare up. Hungary was a signatory to the
Helsinki Final Act in 1975, has signed all of the CSCE/
OSCE follow-on documents since 1989, and served as the OSCE's Chairman-in-Office in 1997. Hungary's record of implementing CSCE Helsinki Final Act provisions, including those on the reunification of divided families, remains among the best in eastern Europe. Hungary has been a member of the
United Nations since December 1955.
The
Gabčíkovo - Nagymaros Dams project
This involves Hungary and Czechoslovakia, and was agreed on September 16, 1977 ("Budapest Treaty"). The treaty envisioned a
cross-border barrage system between the towns Gabčíkovo,
Czechoslovakia and Nagymaros, Hungary. After an intensive campaign, the project became widely hated as a symbol of the old
communist regime. In 1989 the
Hungarian government decided to suspend it. In its sentence from September 1997, the
International Court of Justice stated that both sides breached their obligation and that the 1977 Budapest Treaty is still valid. In 1998 the Slovak government turned to the International Court, demanding the Nagymaros part to be built. The international dispute was partially solved in 2017.
On March 19, 2008, Hungary recognized
Kosovo as an independent country.
[8]
Relations between Hungary and its Western partners have strained, because Orban's government has maintained relations with Russia despite of
sanctions against Russia after the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine .
[9]
Illicit drugs:
Major trans-shipment point for
Southwest Asian
heroin and
cannabis and transit point for
South American
cocaine destined for
Western Europe ; limited producer of precursor
chemicals , particularly for
amphetamines and
methamphetamines
Refugee protection:
The
Hungarian border barrier was built in 2015, and Hungary was criticized by other European countries for using tear gas and water cannons on
refugees of the Syrian Civil War as they were trying to pass the country.
[10]
[11]
Since 2017,
Hungary–Ukraine relations have rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the
Hungarian minority in Ukraine .
[12]
[13]
Hungary and Central Asia
Viktor Orbán at the 8th Summit of the Organization of Turkic States
A number of Hungarian anthropologists and linguists have long had an interest in the
Turkic peoples , fueled by the eastern origin of the Hungarians' ancestors.
[14] The Hungarian ethnomusicologist
Bence Szabolcsi explained this motivation as follows: "Hungarians are the outermost branch leaning this way from age-old tree of the great Asian musical culture rooted in the souls of a variety of peoples living from China through Central Asia to the Black Sea".
[15]
Since the political transformation in 1990, Hungary has prioritized its diplomatic engagements with the Turkic world.
[16] in 2018, Hungary became an observer within the
Organisation of Turkic States , underscoring a deepened engagement in regional cooperation.
[17]
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Hungary maintains diplomatic relations with (all UN member states except
Bhutan and
Vanuatu ):
Relations by region and country
Multilateral
Africa
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Cape Verde
Cape Verde is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
Hungary is accredited to Cape Verde from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal
[180]
[181] and maintains an honorary consulate in
Praia .
[182]
Ethiopia
Ethiopia is accredited to Hungary from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in
Geneva , Switzerland.
Hungary has an embassy in
Addis Ababa .
Ghana
(See
Ghana–Hungary relations )
Ghana is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic.
Hungary has an embassy in
Accra .
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Hungary is accredited to Guinea-Bissau from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal.
[182]
Mauritania
Hungary is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.
[183]
[184]
Morocco
Hungary has an embassy in
Rabat .
Morocco has an embassy in Budapest.
Latifa Akharbach, Morocco's under-secretary of Minister of Foreign Affairs visited Hungary in 2007.
Uganda
Hungary is represented in Uganda by its embassy in
Nairobi ,
Kenya
[183] and an honorary consulate in
Kampala .
[183]
Hungary is realizing the largest foreign development program in its history in Uganda.
[185]
Americas
Asia
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Armenia
(See
Armenia–Hungary relations )
On 31 August 2012, Armenia severed relations with Hungary following the extradition of
Ramil Safarov .
[193]
Azerbaijan
(See
Azerbaijan–Hungary relations )
Azerbaijan has an embassy in Budapest.
Hungary has an embassy in
Baku .
China
1949-10-04
(See
Hungary-China relations )
China has an embassy in Budapest.
Hungary has an embassy in
Beijing and consulates-general in
Hong Kong and
Shanghai .
Officials from Hungary regularly visit China on trade missions, a factor that helped enable the buyout of distressed Hungarian chemical maker Borsodchem by the Chinese company
Wanhua Industrial Group .
[194]
India
(See
Hungary–India relations )
Hungary has an embassy in
New Delhi .
India has an embassy in Budapest.
Indonesia
1955
(See
Hungary–Indonesia relations )
Iran
1939
Since 1951, Hungary has an embassy in
Tehran .
[197]
Iran has an embassy in Budapest.
[198]
Hungary is committed to expand cooperation with the Islamic Republic of Iran.
[199]
Iraq
(See
Hungary–Kurdistan Region relations )
Hungary has an embassy in
Baghdad .
Iraq has an embassy in Budapest.
Between August 2003 and March 2005, Hungary had contributed to more than 300 soldiers to the
Multinational force in Iraq .
Israel
(See
Hungary–Israel relations )
Japan
(See
Hungary–Japan relations )
Malaysia
1969
(See
Hungary–Malaysia relations )
Mongolia
1959-05-29
North Korea
(See
Hungary–North Korea relations )
Relations between the two countries existed since the
Korean War , but however have evolved into conflicts.
Pakistan
1965-11-26
(See
Hungary–Pakistan relations )
Since 1970, Hungary has an embassy in
Islamabad and an honorary consulate in
Karachi .
[204]
Pakistan has an embassy in Budapest
[205]
Palestine
1988-11-23
(See
Hungary–Palestine relations )
Hungary has a representative office in
Ramallah .
Palestine has an embassy in Budapest.
Qatar
18 October 1990
[144]
South Korea
1 February 1989
[211]
(See
Hungary–South Korea relations )
The establishment of diplomatic relations between Hungary and the Republic of Korea began on 1 February 1989.
Sri Lanka
(See
Hungary–Sri Lanka relations )
Sri Lanka has an embassy in Vienna, Austria that is accredited to Hungary
[214] and has an honorary consulate in Budapest
[215] Hungary maintains an honorary consulate in
Colombo , Sri Lanka.
[216] Hungary contributed to relief after the
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , and has since stepped up aid to Sri Lanka.
[217]
Thailand
1973-10-24
Turkey
(See
Hungary–Turkey relations )
Memorial to Hungarian
freedom fighters of 1848–1849 at Protestant Cemetery in
Şişli ,
Istanbul .
Vietnam
1950-02-03
(See
Hungary–Vietnam relations )
Europe
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Albania
(See
Albania–Hungary relations )
Austria-Hungary supported
Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.
Albania has an embassy in Budapest.
Hungary has an embassy in
Tirana .
Both countries are full members of
NATO .
Albania is an
candidate and Hungary is an
EU
member .
Austria
(See
Austria–Hungary relations )
Austrian-Hungarian relations are the neighborly relations between Austria and Hungary, two member states of the European Union. Both countries have a long common history since the ruling dynasty of Austria, the Habsburgs, inherited the Hungarian throne in the 16th century. Both have been part of the now-defunct Austro-Hungarian Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1921, after their separation.
Austria has an embassy in Budapest.
Hungary has an embassy in
Vienna and a consulate-general in
Innsbruck .
Both countries are full members of the
European Union .
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1992-04-10
Hungary recognized Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence on April 9, 1992.
Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Budapest.
Hungary has an embassy in
Sarajevo .
[227]
Bosnia and Herzegovina is an
candidate and Hungary is an
EU
member .
Bulgaria
1920
(See
Bulgaria–Hungary relations )
Croatia
(See
Croatia–Hungary relations )
Croatia has an embassy in Budapest.
Hungary has an embassy in
Zagreb .
Both countries are full members of the
European Union and
NATO .
Czech Republic
(See
Czech Republic–Hungary relations )
Czech Republic has an embassy in Budapest.
Hungary has an embassy in
Prague .
Both countries are full members of the
European Union and
NATO .
Denmark
(See
Denmark–Hungary relations )
Estonia
1924-02-24
Estonia has an embassy in Budapest.
Hungary has an embassy in
Tallinn and two honorary consulates (in Tallinn and
Tartu ).
[230]
Both countries are full members of the
European Union and
NATO .
Finland
20 May 1947
(See
Finland–Hungary relations )
Hungary recognised Finland on August 23, 1920. Finland recognised Hungary on September 10, 1920.
Finland broke off diplomatic relations on September 20, 1944.
Diplomatic relations were re-established on May 20, 1947.
Both national languages,
Finnish and
Hungarian , are
Uralic languages , which has led to cultural exchange albeit at a much smaller scale compared to the third major Uralic-speaking country, Estonia.
Finland has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in
Pécs .
[231]
Hungary has an embassy in
Helsinki and four honorary consulates (in
Turku ,
Mariehamn ,
Tampere and
Joensuu ).
[232]
Both countries are full members of the
European Union and
NATO .
France
(See
France–Hungary relations )
France has an embassy in Budapest.
Hungary has an embassy in
Paris .
Both countries are full members of the
European Union and
NATO .
Germany
(See
Germany–Hungary relations )
Germany has an embassy in Budapest.
Hungary has an embassy in
Berlin .
Both countries are full members of the
European Union and
NATO .
Greece
(See
Greece–Hungary relations )
Greece has an embassy in Budapest.
Hungary has an embassy in
Athens .
Both countries are full members of the
European Union and
NATO .
Ireland
1976
Italy
Hungary has an embassy in
Rome , a general consulate in
Milan , and 11 honorary consulates (in
Bari ,
Bologna ,
Florence ,
Genoa ,
Naples ,
Palermo ,
Perugia ,
Trieste ,
Turin ,
Venice and
Verona ).
[236]
[237]
The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (today Lombardy, Veneto, South Tyrol, Trentino and Friuli-Venezia Giulia in Italy) and Hungary were crownlands of the
Austrian Empire .
Italy has an embassy in Budapest and 3 honorary consulates (in
Nyíregyháza ,
Pécs and
Szeged ).
[238]
Both countries are full members of the
European Union and
NATO .
Kosovo
(See
Hungary–Kosovo relations )
Hungary
recognized Kosovo on 19 March 2008.
[239]
Hungary has an embassy in
Pristina .
[240]
Kosovo has an embassy in Budapest.
Latvia
1921-07-21
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
1964
Montenegro
Hungary recognized Montenegro shortly after their declaration of independence.
Netherlands
(See
Hungary–Netherlands relations )
Norway
1920
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1920, but diplomatic representations were set up only in 1947–1948.
Hungary has an embassy in
Oslo and 2 honorary consulates (in
Stavanger and
Sarpsborg ).
[247]
Norway has an embassy in Budapest.
[248]
Both countries are full members of
NATO .
Poland
(See
Hungary-Poland relations )
Hungary has an embassy in
Warsaw , a consulate-general in
Kraków and a vice-consulate in
Wrocław .
Poland has an embassy in Budapest.
Both countries are full members of the
European Union and
NATO .
Portugal
1974-07-01
Romania
1920
(See
Hungary–Romania relations )
Russia
(See
Hungary–Russia relations )
Serbia
1882-11-21
(See
Hungary–Serbia relations )
Slovakia
1993
(See
Hungary–Slovakia relations )
Slovenia
(See
Hungary–Slovenia relations )
Spain
1938-01-13
(See
Hungary–Spain relations )
Sweden
1945-12-28
(See
Hungary–Sweden relations )
Hungary has an embassy in
Stockholm .
Sweden has an embassy in Budapest.
Both countries are full members of the
European Union and
NATO .
Ukraine
(See
Hungary–Ukraine relations )
United Kingdom
1920
(See
Hungary–United Kingdom relations )
Oceania
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Australia
1972
New Zealand
Hungary has an embassy in
Wellington .
New Zealand is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Rome, Italy and maintains an honorary consulate in Budapest.
Foreign criticism
In December 2010, the
Fidesz government adopted a press and media law which threatens fines on media that engage in "unbalanced coverage".
[260] The law aroused criticism in the
European Union as possibly "a direct threat to democracy".
[260]
In 2013, the government adopted a
new constitution that modified several aspects of the institutional and legal framework in Hungary. These changes have been criticized by the
Council of Europe , the
European Union and
Human Rights Watch as possibly undermining the rule of law and human rights protection.
[261]
See also
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Further reading
Borhi, László, "In the Power Arena: U.S.-Hungarian Relations, 1942–1989," The Hungarian Quarterly (Budapest), 51 (Summer 2010), pp 67–81.
Glant, Tibor, "Ninety Years of United States-Hungarian Relations," Eger Journal of American Studies, 13 (2012), pp 163–83.
Hornyak, Arpad. Hungarian-Yugoslav Diplomatic Relations, 1918–1927 (East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press; 2013) 426 pages.
Niklasson, Tomas. "Regime stability and foreign policy change: interaction between domestic and foreign policy in Hungary 1956-1994" (PhD dissertation Lund University, 2006)
online .
Váli, Ferenc A, "The Foreign Policy of Hungary" in Kuhlman, James A (ed.), The Foreign Policies of Eastern Europe: Domestic and International Determinants (Sijthoff, Leyden, 1978).
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