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Variant of anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism
Translated works by Albanian leader
Enver Hoxha
Hoxhaism (
HOJ -ə-iz-əm ) is a variant of
anti-revisionist
Marxism–Leninism that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the anti-revisionist movement, appearing after the
ideological dispute between the
Chinese Communist Party and the
Party of Labour of Albania in 1978.
[1] The ideology is named after
Enver Hoxha ,
First Secretary of the
Party of Labour from 1941 to 1985 and leader of
Albania from 1944 to 1985.
Overview
Hoxhaism demarcates itself by a strict defense of the legacy of
Joseph Stalin , the organization of the
Soviet Union under
Stalinism ,
[2] and fierce criticism of virtually all other
communist groupings as
revisionist —it defines currents such as
Eurocommunism as
anti-communist movements .
[3]
Critical of the
United States , the
Soviet Union ,
China , and
Yugoslavia , Enver Hoxha labeled the latter three "
social imperialist " and condemned the
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, before withdrawing Albania from the
Warsaw Pact in response.
[4] Hoxhaism asserts the right of nations to pursue
socialism by different paths, dictated by the conditions in those countries,
[5] although Hoxha personally held the view that
Titoism was "anti-Marxist" in overall practice.
[6]
[7]
The Albanians succeeded in ideologically winning over a large share of anti-revisionists, mainly in
Latin America (such as the
Popular Liberation Army and the
Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador as well as the
Revolutionary Communist Party of Brazil ), but they also had a significant international following in general.[
citation needed ] Today there's still a strong Hoxhaist presence in several Latin American countries, notably
Ecuador where the
PCMLE has significant support through its electoral front the
Popular Unity Movement and influence within Ecuadorian trade unions.
[8]
[9]
[10]
Following the
fall of the
People's Socialist Republic of Albania in 1991, many Hoxhaist parties grouped themselves around an
international conference founded in 1994 and the publication Unity and Struggle .
[11]
The term Hoxhaism is rarely employed by the organizations which are associated with this trend, with Hoxhaists viewing Hoxha's theoretical contributions to Marxism as strictly an augmentation of anti-revisionism rather than a distinct ideology. Hoxhaists typically identify themselves with Marxism–Leninism or Stalinism.
[12]
List of Hoxhaist parties
Active
Historical
Albania:
Party of Labour of Albania
Bolivia:
Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) of Bolivia , Revolutionary Communist Party
Denmark:
Communist Party of Denmark/Marxist–Leninists
Ethiopia:
Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray ,
Tigray People's Liberation Front ,
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
Faroe Islands:
Advancement for the Islands (Marxist–Leninist)
Germany:
Communist Party of Germany/Marxists–Leninists ,
Communist Party of Germany (Roter Morgen)
Greece:
Organisation of Communists Marxists–Leninists of Greece ,
Movement for a United Communist Party of Greece
Iceland:
Communist Unity (Marxist–Leninist)
India:
Communist Chadar Party of India ,
Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Harbhajan Sohi)
Ireland:
Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)
Japan:
Japanese Communist Party (Left Faction)
Netherlands:
Workers Party of the Netherlands (build-up organisation)
New Zealand:
Communist Party of New Zealand
Norway:
Communist Workers League ,
Marxist–Leninist League ,
Marxist–Leninist Group Revolution
Poland:
Communist Party of Poland (Mijal)
Portugal:
Communist Party (Reconstructed)
Spain:
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist)
Suriname:
Communist Party of Suriname
Sweden:
Communist Party in Sweden
Trinidad and Tobago:
Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago
Turkey:
Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist – Movement
United Kingdom:
Communist League of Great Britain ,
Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)
United States: Revolutionary Organization of Labor,
Marxist–Leninist Party, USA
Venezuela:
Red Flag Party
See also
References
^ Communism for Know-It-Alls . Filiquarian Publishing, LLC. 2008. p. 23.
^ Pridham, Geoffrey (2000). The Dynamics of Democratization: A Comparative Approach . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 70.
ISBN
9780826450388 .
^
Hoxha, Enver (August 1979).
"The Marxist-Leninist Movement and the World Crisis of Capitalism" . Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania .
^
Hoxha, Enver (1978). "I: The strategy of imperialism and modern revisionism".
Imperialism and the Revolution . Tirana, Albnaia. {{
cite book }}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link )
^
"A Brief Guide to Hoxhaism" . The Red Star Vanguard. 11 June 2011.
Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014 .
^
Hoxha, Enver .
"Enver Hoxha: Eurocommunism is Anticommunism" .
Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014 .
^
Hoxha, Enver (1960).
"Reject the Revisionist Theses of the XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Anti-Marxist Stand of Krushchev's Group! Uphold Marxism-Leninism!" . Naim Frasheri Publishing House.
^
"¿"Sí" o "No"? ¿Qué se necesita para que gane una de estas opciones en el referendo el 5 de febrero en Ecuador?" . CNN (in Spanish). 2023-01-19. Retrieved 2023-01-24 .
^ Narváez, Erik Mozo (2015-05-28).
"Un punto de inflexión en la historia de la Federación Nacional de Estudiantes Universitarios (Públicos) del Ecuador – FEUE Nacional –" . Erik Mozo Narváez . Retrieved 2023-01-24 .
^ Marcha, PCMLE, Semanario En (2011-10-25).
"Formación de la FESE" . Semanario En Marcha - PCMLE (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-24 . {{
cite web }}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link )
^
"Communist Declaration to the Workers of the World" . www.revolutionarydemocracy.org . Retrieved 2023-01-24 .
^
"Revolutionary Spirit: The Marxist-Leninist Guide to Leftist Factions" . Revolutionary Spirit . 2010-02-27. Retrieved 2023-01-08 .
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