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al-Wadiah War
Part of Arab Cold War
Date27 November - 6 December 1969
Location
al-Wadiah, Sharurah
Result

Saudi victory

  • al-Wadiah and Sharurah captured by Saudi forces
Belligerents
  South Yemen   Saudi Arabia
Supported by:
  Pakistan [1] [2]
Commanders and leaders
Salim Rubai Ali
South Yemen Muhammad Ali Haitham
South Yemen Ali Salem al Beidh
South Yemen Faisal Attas
South Yemen Ali Nasir Muhammad
South Yemen Ali Abdullah Maisary		 Saudi Arabia Faisal of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia Sultan bin Abdulaziz
Units involved
South Yemen 30th Infantry Brigade Saudi Arabia 130th Infantry Brigade
Pakistan PAF personnel
Casualties and losses
35 killed (Saudi claim) [3] 39 killed and 26 taken hostage [4] [5]

The al-Wadiah War was a military conflict which broke out on 27 November 1969 between Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of South Yemen (PRSY) after disputes for the town of al-Wadiah on the PRSY-Saudi Arabian border. The conflict ended on 6 December when Saudi forces captured al-Wadiah. [6] [7]

Background

The town was placed along the contentious border of South Yemen and Saudi Arabia, and had some fifteen years prior, in 1954-1955, been the site of a border dispute between the Saudis and the British. [6]

Al-Wadiah is a part of the geographic Hadhramaut region which had previously been part of the Qu'aiti Sultanate, itself part of the Protectorate of South Arabia, which had been incorporated into the People's Republic of South Yemen (PRSY) following the withdrawal of British forces from the region. [8] The PRSY therefore considered the town as part of its territory. [6] [8] The Saudi government however saw al-Wadiah as part of their own territory, as well as a frontier in confrontations with the PRSY. [6] There were also rumors of oil and water deposits around the town, thereby aggravating the dispute. [9]

Simultaneously PRSY-Saudi relations had been incredibly tense, with Faisal of Saudi Arabia regarding the left-wing government with extreme hostility, which was in turn reciprocated by the PRSY, which supported the overthrow of the Gulf monarchies. [10] The Saudi government went so far as to fund and arm South Yemeni dissidents, and encouraged them to conduct raids across the border into South Yemen. [10] The PRSY accused the Saudi government of planning further attacks in November 1969. [10]

PRSY Advance

In November 1969, the Saudis built a road to al-Wadiah and garrisoned soldiers there, incorporating it into the Kingdom. [11] The PRSY government claimed that the Saudis had occupied al-Wadiah in order to secure potential oil reserves in the area. The Saudi government in turn accused the PRSY of seizing al-Wadiah. [10]

On 27 November 1969, PRSY regular army units advanced on, and took, the town of al-Wadiah. Saudi forces deployed in the region were limited to some tribal militias, backed by some aircraft and artillery. A small section of the PRSY force began advancing on Sharurah, but was halted.

Having been informed of the PRSY advance, King Faisal ordered Sultan bin Abdulaziz, the Minister of Defense and Aviation, to expel PRSY forces. Sultan commissioned all units in the southern region for the task of attempting to reoccupy al-Wadiah within two days.

Al-Wadiah War is located in Saudi Arabia
al-Wadiah
al-Wadiah
class=notpageimage|
Location of al-Wadiah on the South Yemeni-Saudi Arabian border

Saudi counterattack

The first phase (air strikes)

The initial part of the conflict was largely limited to aerial battles, with a series of air clashes taking place in late November and early December. [10] During this initial period Iraq and Jordan attempted to mediate an end to the conflict. [10]

The Royal Saudi Air Force also conducted a series of aerial bombardments on Yemeni positions. On one instance, English Electric Lightnings flown by Saudi and Pakistani pilots from Khamis Airbase launched devastating rocket attacks on Yemeni supply lines. [12] [13] [14] These attacks continued over the course of two days, initially being directed at PRSY Army forces in the region, and later specifically at the PRSY leadership, whilst also attacking PRSY logistics.

The second phase (ground attack)

At 9:45 in the morning, the Saudi ground offensive began advancing on Yemeni positions on two axes: A battalion of Saudi National Guard units, along with some other forces, advanced on Yemeni positions from the West. A second group, composed of exiled Yemenis and Saudi border guards, advanced on Yemeni positions from the east.

During the attack PRSY forces were divided into two pockets. A PRSY counterattack failed to unite the pockets. The following day clashes began at dawn, and continued throughout the day. The commander of the PRSY Brigade was killed in the fighting, following which PRSY forces began to withdraw. Saudi forces harassed PRSY forces during the retreat, although stopped at the border under orders.

The third phase (reinforcement)

Saudi forces then proceeded to take up defensive positions within al-Wadiah. Some abandoned PRSY equipment was seized.

The Saudis claimed to have occupied al-Wadiah by 5 December, and took journalists to the town. Saudi forces claimed to have killed 35 soldiers from the PRSY, and also claimed that they could have marched on Aden, the PRSY capital, had they not been ordered to stop at the border by King Faisal. [10]

Aftermath

Following the conflict the Saudi government began a large scale program of construction of military sites in the region, whilst also deploying further military forces to Sharurah, close to al-Wadiah. [6] Tensions continued, especially after the 1972 Tripoli Agreement, under which North and South Yemen agreed to unite, due to Saudi hostility to any merger. In March 1973 Saudi Arabia claimed that two PRSY MiGs had attacked al-Wadiah, although the PRSY denied any such incident, and claimed Saudi Arabia was searching for a pretext for military intervention in South Yemen. [10] There was a brief warming of relations between the two countries in November 1977, although this soon lapsed and ambassadors were recalled by both countries. [10] There were further reports of clashes in January 1978, including the shooting down of 4 RSAF Lightnings by a PRSY MiG, although this was denied. There were minor clashes in February 1987. [10]

The issue of ownership was finally settled by the Treaty of Jeddah of 2000, which affirmed Saudi ownership of the town. [11]

See also

References

  1. ^ "FOREIGN MISSIONS". Pakistan Air Force Museum Karachi. During the 1969 South Yemen – Saudi conflict, many PAF men and officers from different branches based at Khamis took active part in the battle.
  2. ^ "A Hostile Middle East". DAILY TIMES. Pakistan repaid the favor by sending over PAF fighter pilots to fly the jets of the Royal Saudi Air Force in the 1969 Al-Wadiah conflict between KSA and Yemen.
  3. ^ Bidwell, Robin Leonard (1998). Dictionary of Modern Arab History: An a to Z of over 2,000 Entries from 1798 to the Present Day. Routledge. ISBN  978-0-7103-0505-3.
  4. ^ Halliday, Fred (4 April 2002). Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967-1987. Cambridge University Press. ISBN  978-0-521-89164-6.
  5. ^ Schwinghammer, Torsten (24 April 2018). Warfare Since the Second World War. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-351-28970-2.
  6. ^ a b c d e Halliday, Fred (2002). Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967-1987. Cambridge University Press. p. 160. ISBN  9780521891646.
  7. ^ Vassiliev, Alexei (March 2013). King Faisal: Personality, Faith and Times - Alexei Vassiliev - Google Książki. ISBN  9780863567612.
  8. ^ a b Information Division of the Foreign Ministry of Southern Yemen, "Facts on Saudi Arabian Aggression Against Southern Yemen", statement of 22 December 1969.
  9. ^ Gantzel, Klaus Jürgen; Schwinghammer, Torsten (2000). Warfare Since the Second World War. Transaction Publishers. p.  259. ISBN  9781412841184.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bidwell, Robin (1998). Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. Routledge. p. 437. ISBN  9780710305053.
  11. ^ a b Burrowes, Robert D. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 421. ISBN  9780810855281.
  12. ^ Group Captain (R) Husseini & Pakistan Air Force. "Wars in the Mach-2 Era (1961-1970)". PAF over the Years. Directorate of Media Affairs, Pakistan Air Force. p. 66.
  13. ^ "Saudi-Pak relations are unique". The Nation. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022.
  14. ^ "What Accounts for Pakistan's Troop Deployment to Saudi Arabia?". YemenWatch. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Pakistani combat pilots also flew RSAF English Electric Lightning supersonic fighter aircraft during the al-Wadiah War between Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of South Yemen in 1969.
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