Hard systems is a problem-solving approach in systems science. It is opposing soft systems. Although soft systems thinking treats all problems as ill-defined or not easily quantified, hard systems approaches ( systems analysis (structured methods), operations research and so on) assume that the problems associated with such systems are well-defined, they have a single, optimum solution, a scientific approach to problem-solving will work well, and that technical factors will tend to predominate. ^{[1] [2]}

Developments in hard systems thinking

Hard systems began to emerge as a distinct philosophy in the 1950s.^{[ citation needed]}

See also

• Systems engineering
• Systems analysis
• Systems dynamics

References

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