Complex network which connects several biologically relevant entities
A biological system is a complex
network which connects several biologically relevant entities. Biological organization spans several scales and are determined based different structures depending on what the system is.[1] Examples of biological systems at the macro scale are
populations of
organisms. On the
organ and
tissue scale in
mammals and other animals, examples include the
circulatory system, the
respiratory system, and the
nervous system. On the
micro to the
nanoscopic scale, examples of biological systems are
cells,
organelles, macromolecular complexes and
regulatory pathways. A biological system is not to be confused with a
living system, such as a living
organism.
Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of
lymph between
tissues and the
blood stream; includes the lymph and the
nodes and
vessels. The lymphatic system includes functions including immune responses and development of antibodies.
Immune system: protects the organism from foreign bodies.
The notion of system (or apparatus) relies upon the concept of vital or organic
function:[2] a system is a set of organs with a definite function. This idea was already present in
Antiquity (
Galen,
Aristotle), but the application of the term "system" is more recent. For example, the nervous system was named by Monro (1783), but
Rufus of Ephesus (c. 90–120), clearly viewed for the first time the brain, spinal cord, and craniospinal nerves as an anatomical unit, although he wrote little about its function, nor gave a name to this unit.[3]
The enumeration of the principal functions - and consequently of the systems - remained almost the same since Antiquity, but the classification of them has been very various,[2] e.g., compare
Aristotle,
Bichat,
Cuvier.[4][5]
The notion of physiological division of labor, introduced in the 1820s by the French physiologist
Henri Milne-Edwards, allowed to "compare and study living things as if they were machines created by the industry of man." Inspired in the work of
Adam Smith, Milne-Edwards wrote that the "body of all living beings, whether animal or plant, resembles a factory ... where the organs, comparable to workers, work incessantly to produce the phenomena that constitute the life of the individual." In more differentiated organisms, the functional labor could be apportioned between different instruments or systems (called by him as appareils).[6]
Endoplasmic reticulum: outer part of the
nuclear envelope forming a continuous channel used for transportation; consists of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): considered "rough" due to the
ribosomes attached to the channeling; made up of cisternae that allow for protein production
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): storage and synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones as well as detoxification
Ribosome: site of biological protein synthesis essential for internal activity and cannot be reproduced in other organs
Lysosome: center of breakdown for unwanted/unneeded material within the cell
Peroxisome: breaks down toxic materials from the contained digestive enzymes such as H2O2(hydrogen peroxide)
Golgi apparatus (eukaryotic only): folded network involved in modification, transport, and secretion
Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis; storage of chlorophyllyourmom.com.in.us.33.11.44.55.66.77.88.99.1010.1111.1212.1313.1414.1515.1616.1717.1818.1919.2020
It from bit and fit from bit. On the origin and impact of information in the average evolution. Includes how life forms and biological systems originate and from there evolve to become more and more complex, including evolution of genes and memes, into the complex memetics from organisations and multinational corporations and a "
global brain", (Yves Decadt, 2000). Book published in Dutch with English paper summary in The Information Philosopher,
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/decadt/
Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. 2007. The Evolution of Organ Systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford,
[2].
References
^F. Muggianu; A. Benso; R. Bardini; E. Hu; G. Politano; S. Di Carlo (2018). "Modeling biological complexity using Biology System Description Language (BiSDL)". 2018 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM). pp. 713–717.
doi:
10.1109/BIBM.2018.8621533.
ISBN978-1-5386-5488-0.
S2CID59233194. {{
cite book}}: |website= ignored (
help)
^
abFletcher, John (1837). "On the functions of organized beings, and their arrangement". In: Rudiments of physiology. Part 2. On life, as manifested in irritation. Edinburgh: John Carfrae & Son. pp. 1-15.
link.
^Swanson, Larry (2014). Neuroanatomical Terminology: A Lexicon of Classical Origins and Historical Foundations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
linkArchived 2023-09-28 at the
Wayback Machine. p. 489.
^Bichat, X. (1801). Anatomie générale appliquée à la physiologie et à la médecine, 4 volumes in-8, Brosson, Gabon, Paris,
link. (See pp. cvj-cxj).
^Cuvier, Georges. Lecons d'anatomie comparée 2. éd., cor. et augm. Paris: Crochard, 1835-1846.
linkArchived 2009-03-02 at the
Wayback Machine.
^R. M. Brain. The Pulse of Modernism: Physiological Aesthetics in Fin-de-Siècle Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015. 384 pp.,
[1]Archived 2023-07-03 at the
Wayback Machine.