Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup R
Possible time of origin 66.8± 14.2 kya
[1] Possible place of origin
Southeast Asia
[2] Ancestor
N Descendants
R0 , R1,
R1b ,
R2'JT , R3, R5, R6'7, R8, R9, R11'
B , R12'21, R14, R22, R23, R30, R31,
P ,
U Defining mutations 12705, 16223
[3]
Haplogroup R is a widely distributed
human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R
is associated with the
peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of
sub-Saharan Africa .
[4]
Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-
haplogroup N . Among the R clade's descendant haplogroups are
B ,
U (and thus
K ),
F ,
R0 (and thus
HV ,
H , and
V ), and
JT (the ancestral haplogroup of
J and
T ).
Origin
Soares et al. (2009) estimate the age of haplogroup R at roughly 50,000 to 70,000 years ago.
[1]
This is consistent with an emergence in the course of the
Coastal Migration out of East Africa to West, South and Southeast Asia.
[5]
It has been suggested that the early lineage of haplogroups M, N and R along the coastal route during the period of roughly 70,000 to 60,000 years ago.
[6] The northern route out of Africa is another possibility, where the expansion of haplogroup R may originate from
South East Asia .
[7]
Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity in the indigenous population of South Asia. Tribes and castes of Western and Southern India
show higher diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status.
[8] Larruga et al. (2017) found mtDNA R spread out to Eurasia and Australia from a core area along the
Southeast Asian coast .
[4]
Archaeogenetics
The
Ust'-Ishim man fossil of Siberia, dated ca. 45,000 years old, belongs to haplogroup R* (formerly classified as U*).
[9]
[10]
Haplogroup R has also been observed among Egyptian mummies excavated at the
Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Northern Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late
New Kingdom ,
Ptolemaic , and
Roman periods.
[11]
Subclade R2 was observed in the remains of a Neolithic human from western Iran in Tepe Abdul Hosein.
[12]
Distribution
Haplogroup R and its descendants are distributed all over
Australasia ,
Americas ,
Southeast Asia ,
South Asia ,
Central Asia ,
West Asia ,
East Asia ,
Europe ,
North Africa and
Horn of Africa .
The basal R* clade is found among the
Soqotri (1.2%), as well as in
Northeast Africa (1.5%), the
Middle East (0.8%), the Near East (0.8%), and the
Arabian peninsula (0.3%).
[13]
Subclades
Haplogroup R
R0 or pre-HV
R1
pre-JT or R2'JT
R3 : Found in Armenia.
[22] Also observed in an ancient individual from
Hungary , dating to 7000 years ago
[23]
R5 : Widely spread in the
Indian subcontinent . Specially in
Madhya Pradesh (
India ) at 17%.
[24]
R6'7 (16362) The most important presence is among
Austroasiatic language -speakers from
India (10%).
[25]
R8 : The highest frequency occurs towards
East India , especially within
Orissa (12%), and it is found among the
Austroasiatic
tribes (
Munda and
Khasi speakers). It is also present in low frequency among speakers of Dravidian, Indo-European, and Tibeto-Burman (e.g.
Nyishi ,
Changpa ,
Sherpa ).
[27]
R9 (16304)
R11'B (16189)
R12'21
R14 : Found in
Papua New Guinea
[40] and in
Austronesian speakers of
East Timor and
Lembata .
[41]
R22 or R12: Very frequent in the
Shompen (10/29 = 34.5%).
[42] Elsewhere found mainly in south-central
Indonesia (11.4%
Mataram , 8.0%
Waingapu , 7.3%
Bali , 1.9%
Borneo ) and in
Cham of
Bình Thuận , Vietnam (7/168 = 4.2%),
[43] with singleton or sporadic occurrences in
Thailand ,
Sumatra ,
Java ,
Sulawesi , and
Alor .
[32]
R23 : Small clade found in
Bali and
Sumba (Indonesia).
[32]
R30
R31
R32
P: It is characteristic of
Sahul . Found in
Philippines and East
Indonesia .
U
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation
[3] and subsequent published research.
R
R0 (formerly pre-HV)
R1
R2'JT
R5
R5a
R5a1
R5a2
R5a2a
R5a2b
R5a2b1
R5a2b2
R5a2b3
R5a2b4
R6'7
R8 - India
R8a - Sri Lanka
R8a1
R8a1a
R8a1a1
R8a1a2
R8a1a3 - South Africa, Norway
R8a1b
R8a2
R8b
(16304)
R9
R9b - Cambodia, Thailand (
Lao Isan in
Ubon Ratchathani Province and
Roi Et Province ),
[54] Guinea
R9b1 - China, Uyghur, Thailand (
Mon in
Central Thailand ,
Thai in
Western Thailand ), Laos (
Lao in
Vientiane
[54] ), Vietnam (
La Hủ ), Denmark
R9b1a
R9b1a1 - Philippines (
Mamanwa )
R9b1a1a - China, Thailand (
Karen and
Thai Lue in
Northern Thailand ,
Lao Isan in
Roi Et Province ,
[54]
Thai in
Central Thailand and
Eastern Thailand ), Cambodia (
Banteay Meanchey ), Malaysia (
Semelai ,
aboriginal Malay ), Singapore, Indonesia (
Tengger ,
Palembang ,
Padang ,
Manado ), Vietnam (
Giarai )
R9b1a2 - Taiwan (
Tsou ), Thailand (
Lao Isan in
Loei Province ,
Thai in
Western Thailand )
R9b1a3 - Thailand, China (
Han ,
Dai ), Vietnam (
Dao ,
Nùng , etc. ), Kazakhstan
R9b1b - China, Vietnam, Cambodia (
Siem Reap ), Thailand (
Khon Mueang from
Chiang Mai Province ,
Tai Yuan from
Central Thailand ,
Mon from
Northern Thailand )
R9b2 - Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam
R9c - China (Barghut from
Hulun Buir ), Taiwan
R9c1
R9c1a - Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan (
Makatao ), Thailand (
Khon Mueang from
Chiang Rai Province )
R9c1b
R9c1b1 - China (
Han ), Vietnam (
Kinh ,
Dao ), Thailand (
Tai Dam in
Kanchanaburi Province ,
Khon Mueang in
Mae Hong Son Province ,
Tai Yuan in
Northern Thailand ,
Thai Lue in
Northern Thailand ), Myanmar
R9c1b2 - Thailand (
Khon Mueang in
Chiang Rai Province ), Taiwan (
Makatao , etc. ), Philippines (
Ifugao ,
Bugkalot ), East Timor
F
R22
R11'B (16189)
R12'21
R22
R14
R23
R30
R31
R32
P
U
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External links