This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see
Haplogroup E-M96 .
Haplogroup E Possible time of origin 35,000 to 8,000 YBP Possible place of origin east
Sundaland or
Fujian coast Ancestor M9 Descendants E1, E2 Defining mutations 3027, 3705, 7598, 13626, 16390
In
human mitochondrial genetics , haplogroup E is a
human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for the
Malay Archipelago . It is a subgroup of
haplogroup M9 .
Origin
Two contrasting proposals have been made for the location and time of the origin of Haplogroup E.
One view is that the clade was formed over 30,000 years ago, around the time of the
Last Glacial Maximum , on the northeast coast of
Sundaland (near modern
Borneo ).
In this model, the haplogroup was dispersed by rising sea levels during the
Late Glacial period.
In 2014, the mitochondrial DNA of an 8,000-year-old skeleton found on
Liang Island , one of the
Matsu Islands off the southeast China coast, was found to belong to Haplogroup E, with two of the four mutations characteristic of the E1 subgroup.
From this, Ko and colleagues argue that Haplogroup E arose 8,000 to 11,000 years ago near the north
Fujian coast, travelled to Taiwan with Neolithic settlers 6,000 years ago, and from there spread to Maritime Southeast Asia with the
Austronesian language dispersal.
Soares et al caution against over-emphasizing a single sample, and maintain that a constant
molecular clock implies the earlier date (and more southerly origin) remains more likely.
Distribution
Haplogroup E is found throughout
Maritime Southeast Asia .
It is nearly absent from mainland East Asia, where its sister group M9a (also found in Japan) is common.
In particular, it is found among speakers of
Austronesian languages , and it is rare even in Southeast Asia among speakers of other language families. It has been detected in populations of
Taiwan , the
Philippines ,
Indonesia ,
Malaysia (including
Sabah of
Borneo , but not the
Orang Asli of peninsular Malaysia), coastal
Papua New Guinea , and especially in the
Chamorros of the
Mariana Islands .
Of the four principal subclades, E1b and E2a are found mainly in Maritime Southeast Asia, while only E1a and E2b are also found in Taiwan.
E2b has low diversity within Taiwan, suggesting that it arrived there about 5,000 years ago.
The most common E subclade, E1a1a, has highest diversity in Taiwan, followed by the Philippines and Sulawesi.
Moreover, other branches of E1a1 are largely confined to Taiwan.
Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup E
Population
Frequency
Count
Source
Subtypes
Chamorro (85
Guam , 14
Saipan , & 6
Rota )
0.924
105
Vilar et al 2013
E2a=68, E1a2=29
East Indonesian (
Sulawesi , incl. 89
Manado , 64
Toraja , 46
Ujung Padang , & 38
Palu )
0.266
237
Hill et al 2007
E1a=42, E1b=9, E2=7, E1(xE1a, E1b)=5
Filipino (
Mindanao )
0.214
70
Tabbada et al 2010 , p. 24
E1a1a=10, E2(xE2b)=4, E1b=1
Filipino (
Visayas )
0.214
112
Tabbada et al 2010 , p. 24
E1a1a=18, E2(xE2b)=5, E1(xE1a1a, E1a2, E1b)=1
East Indonesian (
Ambon )
0.163
43
Hill et al 2007
E1(xE1a, E1b)=3, E1a=2, E2=2
East Indonesian (
Waingapu ,
Sumba )
0.160
50
Hill et al 2007
E1b=6, E1a=1, E2=1
Indonesian (
Bangka )
0.147
34
Hill et al 2006
E=5
Borneo (89
Banjarmasin & 68
Kota Kinabalu )
0.146
157
Hill et al 2007
E1a=14, E2=5, E1b=3, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1
Filipino
0.125
64
Tabbada et al 2010 , p. 24
E1a1a=5, E2(xE2b)=2, E1a2=1
Filipino (
Luzon )
0.124
177
Tabbada et al 2010 , p. 24
E1a1a=14, E1b=5, E2(xE2b)=2, E2b=1
Taiwan (aborigine)
0.120
640
Peng et al 2011
E=77
East Indonesian (
Alor )
0.111
45
Hill et al 2007
E1a=3, E1b=2
East Indonesian (
Mataram ,
Lombok )
0.091
44
Hill et al 2007
E1b=3, E1a=1
Indonesian (
Padang ,
Sumatra )
0.083
24
Hill et al 2006
E=2
Indonesian (
Medan ,
Sumatra )
0.071
42
Hill et al 2006
E=3
Indonesian (
Pekanbaru ,
Medan ,
Bangka ,
Palembang , &
Padang )
0.067
180
Hill et al 2007
E1a=6, E1b=4, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1, E2=1
Indonesian (
Bali )
0.061
82
Hill et al 2007
E1a=3, E1b=1, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1
Filipino (
Palawan )
0.050
20
Scholes et al 2011
E1a=1
Indonesian (
Palembang ,
Sumatra )
0.036
28
Hill et al 2006
E=1
Tujia (
Yanhe County ,
Guizhou )
0.034
29
Li et al 2007
E=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)
0.032
31
Li et al 2007
E=1
Indonesian (
Java , incl. 36 from
Tengger )
0.022
46
Hill et al 2007
E1b=1
Indonesian (
Pekanbaru ,
Sumatra )
0.019
52
Hill et al 2006
E=1
Cham (
Bình Thuận ,
Vietnam )
0.012
168
Peng et al 2010
E1a1a=1, E2a=1
Carolinian (
Saipan )
0.000
17
Vilar et al 2013
-
Yi (
Hezhang County ,
Guizhou )
0.000
20
Li et al 2007
-
Dong (
Tianzhu County, Guizhou )
0.000
28
Li et al 2007
-
Batek (
Malaysia )
0.000
29
Hill et al 2006
-
Cun (
Hainan )
0.000
30
Peng et al 2011
-
Batak (
Palawan )
0.000
31
Scholes et al 2011
-
Lingao (
Hainan )
0.000
31
Peng et al 2011
-
Mendriq (
Malaysia )
0.000
32
Hill et al 2006
-
Temuan (
Malaysia )
0.000
33
Hill et al 2006
-
Danga (
Hainan )
0.000
40
Peng et al 2011
-
Jahai (
Malaysia )
0.000
51
Hill et al 2006
-
Senoi (
Malaysia )
0.000
52
Hill et al 2006
-
Semelai (
Malaysia )
0.000
61
Hill et al 2006
-
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)
0.000
102
Liu et al 2011
-
Li (
Hainan )
0.000
346
Peng et al 2011
-
Subclades
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup E subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
See also
References
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External links
General
Haplogroup E
Ian Logan's
Haplogroup E
Ian Logan's
Haplogroup E1
Ian Logan's
Haplogroup E1a1b
Ian Logan's
Haplogroup E1a2
Ian Logan's
Haplogroup E2
YFull MTree's
Haplogroup E
MITOMAP's
Haplogroup E
FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Haplotree:
Haplogroup E
Ballinger, S.W.; Schurr, T.G.; Torroni, A.; Gan, Y.Y.; Hodge, J.A.; Hassan, K.; Chen, K.H.; Wallace, D.C. (1992).
"Southeast Asian Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Reveals Genetic Continuity of Ancient Mongoloid Migrations" . Genetics . 130 (1): 139–152.
doi :
10.1093/genetics/130.1.139 .
PMC
1204787 .
PMID
1346259 .
Herrnstadt, C.; Elson, J.L.; Fahy, E.; et al. (2002).
"Reduced-Median-Network Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial DNA Coding-Region Sequences for the Major African, Asian, and European Haplogroups" . American Journal of Human Genetics . 70 (5): 1152–1171.
doi :
10.1086/339933 .
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PMID
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Ingman, M.; Kaessmann, H.; Pääbo, S.; Gyllensten, U. (2000). "Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans". Nature . 408 (6813): 708–713.
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Stoneking, M.; Jorde, L.B.; Bhatia, K.; Wilson, A.C. (1990).
"Geographic Variation in Human Mitochondrial DNA from Papua New Guinea" . Genetics . 124 (3): 717–733.
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