Gwallog ap Lleenog (
Old WelshGuallauc,
Middle WelshGwallawc; his father's name is spelled variously Lleinauc, Lleynna[u]c, Lleenawc, and Llennawc) was a hero of the
Hen Ogledd. He has long been considered a probable sixth-century king of the
sub-Roman state of
Elmet in the
Leeds area of modern
Yorkshire, though some more recent scholarship would identify him more tentatively simply as a 'king of an unidentified region in the north'.[1]
Life
Gwallog is most clearly attested in a note incorporated into
Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies of Northumbrian kings found in London, British Library, MS Harley 3859 (the earliest manuscript of the Historia Brittonum). These are thought to originate in a perhaps eighth-century source and so to be relatively reliable. Commenting on the reign of the
Bernician king
Hussa, the regnal list states
Contra illum quattuor reges, Urbgen et Riderchen et Guallanc (leg. Guallauc) et Morcant, dimicaverunt. Deodric contra illum Urbgen cum filiis dimicabat fortiter--in illo autem tempore aliquando hostes, nunc cives vincebantur--et ipse conclusit eos tribus diebus et noctibus in insula Metcaud et, dum erat in expeditione, iugulatus est, Morcante destinante pro invidia, quia in ipso prae omnibus regibus virtus maxima erat instauratione belli.
Against him fought four kings, Urbgen (
Urien) and Riderc Hen (
Rhydderch Hen) and Guallauc (Gwallawg) and Morcant (
Morgant).
Deodric fought bravely with his sons against that Urbgen--at that time sometimes the enemy, now the citizens, were being overcome--and he shut them up three days and nights in the island of Metcaud (
Lindisfarne), and, while he was on an expedition, he was murdered at the instance of Morcant out of envy, because in him above all the kings was the greatest skill in the renewing of battle.[2]
Gwallog is the addressee of two poems in the
Book of Taliesin which
Ifor Williams identified on linguistic and historical grounds as (in part) plausibly originating in the sixth century, and possibly being genuine praise-poems addressed to Gwallog.[3] These afford some evidence that Gwallog was a king of
Elmet.[4] If so, he was apparently succeeded by
Ceredig, the last king of Elmet, who was deposed by
St. Edwin of
Deira; this would be consistent with the appearance of a 'Ceretic, son of Gwallawg' in one of the
Welsh Triads. However, as evidence for sixth-century historical realities, this evidence is very tenuous.[5]
Later reputation
The somewhat later cycle of Middle Welsh poems associated with
Llywarch Hen suggests that Gwallog later made war against Urien's former kingdom of
Rheged in concert with
Dunod Fawr of the
Northern Pennines, attacking Urien's sons. Here, Gwallog is given the epithet Marchog Trin, meaning "battle horseman".[6] Again, this poetry probably tells us more about later legends of Gwallog than any sixth-century history.
Over time, Gwallog evolved into a semi-mythological figure akin to
Arthur. In the medieval text
Geraint son of Erbin, he is named as one of Arthur's knights[7] and also appears in the
Welsh triads as one of the "Three Armed Warriors of the Island of Britain" and one of the "Three Battle Pillars of the Island of Britain".[8] Gwallog is also mentioned in the
Black Book of Carmarthen poem "Ymddiddan Gwyddno Garanhir a Gwyn ap Nudd" as one of the slain warriors escorted to their graves by
Gwyn ap Nudd, the lord of the Welsh
Otherworld.[9]
The medieval Welsh Bonedd y Saint claims that Gwallog was the father of
Saint Dwywe, though this is unlikely to be based on sound historical information.[10]
References
^Thomas Owen Clancy (ed.), The Triumph Tree; Scotland's Earliest Poetry, AD 550-1350 (Edinburgh: Canongate, 1998), p. 14.
^The Poems of Taliesin, ed. by Ifor Williams, trans. by J. E. Caerwyn Williams, Medieval and Modern Welsh Series, 3 (Dublin: The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1968), pp. xi-xii.
^The Poems of Taliesin, ed. by Ifor Williams, trans. by J. E. Caerwyn Williams, Medieval and Modern Welsh Series, 3 (Dublin: The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1968), pp. xi-xii, 12-15; the poems are XI and XII in Williams's numbering. Translated in Thomas Owen Clancy (ed.), The Triumph Tree; Scotland's Earliest Poetry, AD 550-1350 (Edinburgh: Canongate, 1998), pp. 91-93.
^The Poems of Taliesin, ed. by Ifor Williams, trans. by J. E. Caerwyn Williams, Medieval and Modern Welsh Series, 3 (Dublin: The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1968), p. lvii.
^The Poems of Taliesin, ed. by Ifor Williams, trans. by J. E. Caerwyn Williams, Medieval and Modern Welsh Series, 3 (Dublin: The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1968), pp. lviii-lix.
^Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, ed. and trans. by Rachel Bromwich, 4th edn (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2014), p. 11.
^Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, ed. and trans. by Rachel Bromwich, 4th edn (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2014), p. 372.
^W. Owen Pughe, 'The Topopgraphy of Meirion', Transactions of the Cymmrodorion, or Metropolitan Cambrian Institution, 1 (1822), 150-72 (p. 169).