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Bolesław Kajetan Kołyszko
Nickname(s)Rutkowski, Szyszka
Born7 August 1837
Navickiškės [ lt] [1] [2]
Died9 June 1863
Vilnius

Bolesław Kajetan Kołyszko alias Rutkowski, Szyszka ( Lithuanian: Boleslovas Kajetonas Kolyška; 1838 [1] – 9 June [ O.S. 28 May] [1] 1863) was one of the Polish- Lithuanian [3] [4] leaders in the January Uprising. [1]

Early life

Kołyszko's photograph among the portraits of executed leaders of January Uprising. For the Faith and the Homeland 1863, executed - hanged by Awit Szubert

Kołyszko was born into a petty noble family as a son of Wincenty Kołyszko and his wife from the Jursza family. [2] He had an older brother, Feliksas Kolyška, who also fought in the January Uprising. [1] Boleslovas Kołyszko graduated from the Vilnius Gymnasium and studied law in the University of Moscow. [1] [2] According to Dawid Fajnhauz, he might have graduated from Lida gymnasium instead of Vilnius. [2] In the University of Moscow, Kołyszko was part of the Polish students association called "Ogół". [2] He was arrested in 1861 for his involvement in student demonstrations in Lida. [2] At the end of 1861, after a short imprisonment, he emigrated to Italy, where he met Ludwik Mierosławski. [2] First in Genoa and later in Cuneo, he studied in the Polish Military School [ pl]. [1] [5] Although the Military School acquainted Kołyszko with the military, it was impossible to develop his military talent or even qualify him for a commander in such a short time. [6]

Uprising of 1863

After the start of the uprising he went back to Lithuania. [1] On 21 March 1863, he began the uprising between Čekiškė and Panevėžys. [1] In a few days, his unit included 400 men and was also joined by the unit led by the priest Antanas Navaina. [1] As he organized the rebel group near Kaunas during March, it was joined by the groups of Bronislavas Žarskis and Antanas Norvaiša. [7] The combined group was called the Dubysa Regiment. [7] The regiment had three battalions, with the battalion commanders being Bronislavas Žarskis, Antanas Norvaiša and Juozas Radavičius. [6] Kołyszko led his 400 men strong regiment [5] [6] in fights against units of the Imperial Russian Army at Aukštdvaris on March 29–30. [1] [7] He then fought near Lenčiai on April 1 (together with the unit of Tomas Kušleika), near Misiūnai [ lt] on April 11. [7]

By Zygmunt Sierakowski's order, he led a rebel column - two battalions and a cavalry unit that fought in the battle of Biržai. On May 7, Kołyszko was the first from the rebel columns to reach the designated spot, Medeikiai [ lt]. [8] They were attacked by Russian forces, but when Sierakowski came and joined the battle, the Russian attack was repelled. [8] Kołyszko and Sierakowski's aide-de-camp Jarosław Kossakowski [ pl] were supposed to take wounded the Sierakowski and transport him out of the country, but they were captured on May 10. [5] During the interrogation he blamed Sierakowski for the uprising's failure and underlined that he was doing everything for the homeland. [5] He was hanged by a court-martial on June 9, 1863. [9] [10] The remains were secretly buried in Vilnius' Gediminas' Hill.

Commemoration

Kołyszko already during his lifetime became the hero of songs and poems. One of them called Przeszły troski i frasunki... ("Troubles and sorrows are gone...") is dated 28 March 1863, the authorship of it is attributed to Vilnius-born poet Jerzy Laskarys [ pl]. Alongside Kołyszka, it praises other leaders of the uprising in Samogitia, Lithuania and Belarus. Kołyszko is portrayed in it as a revolutionary folk leader: [11]

Original text English translation
Wyprostować ostre kosy,
Wezwać włościan, jak Bóg każe
I zawołać wniebogłosy:
Do Kołyszki! Za Niewiażę! 		Straighten the sharp scythes,
Call the peasants, as God commands,
and cry out in a loud voice:
To Kołyszko! Beyond the Nevėžis!

His remains were found in 2017 during the works designed to strengthen Gediminas' Mountain [ lt]. On 22 November 2019, the remains were solemnly buried in the Columbarium of the Rasos Cemetery Chapel [ lt] in Vilnius. [12]

Sources

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Čepėnas 1957, p. 223.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Fajnhauz 1968, p. 368.
  3. ^ Klimczak, Ewelina W. (2015). ""Styczniowa wolność" – insurekcja polska 1863–1864 a prawa człowieka i obywatela. Casus ks. Antoniego Mackiewicza w świetle Ech z powstania styczniowego (1922)" (PDF). Wschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny (in Polish). XII: 94. Tak więc wypada zwrócić uwagę na spis nazwisk, w tym spośród bojowników litewskich, jaki zamieszczony został w Wiązance z dziejów powstania styczniowego. Temata do odczytu z roku 1928, w którym znajdujemy nazwiska nie tylko tak znanych jak Zygmunt Sierakowski czy Ludwik Narbutt, ale i Adama Bitisa, chłopskiego dowódcy oddziału, Bolesława Kołyszko, Klety Korewa (naczelnika powiatu trockiego) czy wreszcie ks. Antoniego Mackiewicza ze Żmudzi.
  4. ^ Powstanie styczniowe na Lubelszczyznie: pamiętniki (in Polish). Wydawn. Lubelskie. 1966. p. 28. Dalej z uniwersytetu petersburskiego wychodzą: Władysław Rylski, Stanisław Buchowiecki, z moskiewskiego wychodzi Litwin Bołesław Kołyszko...
  5. ^ a b c d Fajnhauz 1968, p. 369.
  6. ^ a b c D. c. n. 1864.
  7. ^ a b c d Istorikas.lt 2013.
  8. ^ a b Kupiškio etnografijos muziejus 2021.
  9. ^ Maksimaitienė 2006, p. 372.
  10. ^ Bairašauskaitė 2019.
  11. ^ Kacnelson, Dora (1967). "Bohaterowie powstania styczniowego w polskich pieśniach ludowych i żołnierskich" [Heroes of the January Uprising January Uprising heroes in Polish folk and military songs]. Pamiętnik Literacki. 58 (3): 164.
  12. ^ kam.lt 2019.

Bibliography

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