From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chemical compound
β-Nitropropionic acid (3-nitropropanoic acid , BPA , 3-NPA ) is a
mycotoxin , a potent
mitochondrial inhibitor,
[1] which is toxic to humans. It is produced by a number of fungi, and may be found widely in food such as in
sugar cane as well as Japanese fungally fermented staples, including
miso ,
soy sauce ,
katsuobushi ,
[2]
coconuts
[3] and some
traditional Chinese medicines .
[4]
It can be caused by
extreme weather , stressed
crop growth conditions, as well as
storage conditions (like
moisture ),
[5] which can give a further rise under
global warming conditions.
[6]
Fungi of the genus
Arthrinium are known to produce 3-nitropropanoic acid.
[7]
It is found that 3-nitropropionic acid is a
mitochondrial
toxin and produces
striatal alterations in rats similar to those observed in the
brain of
Huntington's disease patients, and administration of the
cannabinoid receptor
agonist
WIN55212-2 to rats for six consecutive days, before the 3-NPA injection, exerted preventive effects on all alterations elicited by the toxin, like mitochondrial dysfunction and
lipid peroxidation , by activation of the
CB1 receptor.
[8]
References
^ Roberts, Toby John (2004). "3-Nitropropionic Acid Model of Metabolic Stress: Assessment by Magnetic Resonance Imaging". Stroke Genomics . 104 : 203–220.
doi :
10.1385/1-59259-836-6:203 .
ISBN
1-59259-836-6 .
PMID
15454669 .
^ Hocking, Ailsa D.; Pitt, John I.; Samson, Robert A.; Thrane, Ulf (29 August 2006).
Advances in Food Mycology .
ISBN
9780387283913 .
^ Birkelund, T.; Johansen, R. F.; Illum, D. G.; Dyrskog, S. E.; Østergaard, J. A.; Falconer, T. M.; Andersen, C.; Fridholm, H.; Overballe-Petersen, S.; Jensen, J. S. (2021).
"Fatal 3-Nitropropionic Acid Poisoning after Consuming Coconut Water" . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 27 (1): 278–280.
doi :
10.3201/eid2701.202222 .
PMC
7774558 .
PMID
33350928 .
^ Wang, X.P.; Yang, R.M. (2003). "Movement Disorders Possibly Induced by Traditional Chinese Herbs". European Neurology . 50 (3): 153–159.
doi :
10.1159/000073056 .
PMID
14530621 .
S2CID
43878555 .
^ Jensen, Ole (Jun 13, 2016).
"Management of mycotoxin risk in pig production" (PDF) . Powerpoint by Ole Jensen .
^ Norbäck, Dan; Hashim, Jamal Hisham; Cai, Gui-Hong; Hashim, Zailina; Ali, Faridah; Bloom, Erica; Larsson, Lennart (2016-02-01).
"Rhinitis, Ocular, Throat and Dermal Symptoms, Headache and Tiredness among Students in Schools from Johor Bahru, Malaysia: Associations with Fungal DNA and Mycotoxins in Classroom Dust" . PLOS ONE . 11 (2): e0147996.
Bibcode :
2016PLoSO..1147996N .
doi :
10.1371/journal.pone.0147996 .
ISSN
1932-6203 .
PMC
4734676 .
PMID
26829324 .
^ Wei, D. L.; Chang, S. C.; Lin, S. C.; Doong, M. L.; Jong, S. C. (1994).
"Production of 3-nitropropionic acid by Arthrinium species" . Current Microbiology (USA) . 28 : 1–5.
doi :
10.1007/BF01575978 .
ISSN
0343-8651 .
S2CID
41489212 .
^ Maya-López, Marisol; Colín-González, Ana Laura; Aguilera, Gabriela; de Lima, María Eduarda; Colpo-Ceolin, Ana; Rangel-López, Edgar; Villeda-Hernández, Juana; Rembao-Bojórquez, Daniel; Túnez, Isaac (2017-02-15).
"Neuroprotective effect of WIN55,212-2 against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced toxicity in the rat brain: involvement of CB1 and NMDA receptors" . American Journal of Translational Research . 9 (2): 261–274.
ISSN
1943-8141 .
PMC
5340665 .
PMID
28337258 .
Further reading
Huang, Li-Shar; Sun, Gang; Cobessi, David; Wang, Andy C.; Shen, John T.; Tung, Eric Y.; Anderson, Vernon E.; Berry, Edward A. (2006).
"3-Nitropropionic Acid is a Suicide Inhibitor of Mitochondrial Respiration That, upon Oxidation by Complex II, Forms a Covalent Adduct with a Catalytic Base Arginine in the Active Site of the Enzyme" (PDF) . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 281 (9): 5965–5972.
doi :
10.1074/jbc.M511270200 .
PMC
1482830 .
PMID
16371358 .