A beneficial
weed can be an invasive plant that has some
companion plant effect, is
edible, contributes to
soil health, adds ornamental value,[1][2] or is otherwise
beneficial. These plants are normally not
domesticated. However, some invasive plants, such as
dandelions, are commercially cultivated, in addition to growing in the wild. Beneficial weeds include many
wildflowers, as well as other weeds that are commonly removed or
poisoned. Certain weeds that have obnoxious and destructive qualities have been shown to fight illness and are thus used in medicine. For example, Parthenium hysterophorus, native to northern Mexico and parts of the US, has been an issue for years due to its toxicity and ability to spread rapidly. In the past few decades, though, research has found that P. hysterophorus was "used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation, pain, fever, and diseases like malaria dysentery." It is also known to create
biogas that can be used as a bioremediation agent to break down heavy metals and other pollutants.[3]
Soil health
Beneficial weeds are erroneously considered to compete with neighboring plants for food and moisture. However, some "weeds" provide the soil with nutrients, either directly or indirectly.
For example, if they are colonized by certain bacteria (most commonly
Rhizobium),
legumes such as
white clover add
nitrogen to the soil through the process of
nitrogen fixation. These bacteria have a
symbiotic relationship with the roots of their host, "fixing" atmospheric nitrogen by combining it with oxygen or hydrogen to make the nitrogen available to the plant as NH4 or NO3.
Others use deep
taproots to bring up nutrients and moisture from beyond the range of normal plants so that the soil improves in quality over generations of that plant's presence.
Weeds with strong, widespread roots also introduce
organic matter to the soil in the form of those roots, turning hard, dense clay dirt into richer, more
fertile soil.
Some plants like
tomatoes and
maize will "piggyback" on nearby weeds, allowing their relatively weak root systems to grow deeper.
Some weeds act as
trap crops, distracting pests away from valued plants. Insects often search for target plants by smell, and then land at random on anything green in the area of the scent. If they land on an edible "weed", they will stay there instead of going on to the intended victim. Sometimes, they actively prefer the trap crop.
The use of certain weeds integrated around native or otherwise intended plants has been found to be beneficial in many ways. A 2015 study showed that the presence of other plants or decoy plants made of green plastic, cardboard, or any other green materials can significantly reduce the success rate of flying pests in locating their host plants.[4] These pests:
Locate plants primarily by
scent, and any "
weed" that has a strong scent can mask the scent of the
host plant and reduce the odds of the pest finding it. Examples of such plants include
Crow Garlic and
Ground Ivy, which have been found to effectively reduce infestations of
Japanese beetles and
caterpillars, respectively.
Tend to avoid landing on bare
earth and instead opt for the nearest green surface. Using "green
mulch" or other types of greenery can also make it more difficult for pests to locate their target by making "inappropriate landings" on other plants.[5]
Have difficulty laying eggs on a crop in the presence of other greenery, for example flies take 2-5 times longer if they land on a non-host disruptor plant.[6][7]
Some "weed" species, such as subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), have been found to be specifically beneficial against pests targeting crops of common cabbage (
Brassica) species, reducing insects by 39%-100% on brassica plants when they were sown surrounded with clover as compared to when surrounded by bare soil.[8] The differences in the colonization of such insects appear sufficient to determine the lower numbers of insects found that where when host plants are surrounded and under sown with clover.
Companion plants
Many plants can grow
intercropped in the same space because they exist on different levels in the same area, providing ground cover or working as a trellis for each other.[9] This healthier style of
horticulture is called
forest gardening. Larger plants provide a wind break or shelter from the noonday sun for more delicate plants.
Green mulch
Conversely, some intercropped plants provide a
living mulch effect, able to inhibit the growth of harmful weeds and create a humid, cooler microclimate around nearby plants to stabilize soil moisture.
Plants such as
ryegrass,
red clover, and
white clover are examples of "weeds" that are living mulches, often welcomed in horticulture.
Herbicide
Plants or
fungi can be repelled through a chemical means known as
allelopathy.[10] Certain plants can be affected by a chemical emission through their roots or air, slowing their growth, preventing
seed germination, or even killing them.
Beneficial insects
A common companion plant benefit from many weeds is to attract and provide habitat for
beneficial insects or other organisms that benefit plants.
For example, wild
umbellifers attract predatory
wasps and flies. The adults eat nectar, but they feed common garden pests to their offspring.[11]
Some weeds attract
lady beetles or "good" types of
nematodes, or provide ground cover for predatory beetles.
Uses for humans
Some
beneficial weeds, such as
lamb's quarters and
purslane, are edible and highly nutritional.
Dandelions, a widespread invasive weed, were
introduced to North America originally because they were considered a staple source of food; they were admired for maturing quickly and spreading vastly.
A number of weeds have been proposed as natural alternate sources for latex (rubber), including
goldenrod, from which the tires were made on the car famously given by
Henry Ford to
Thomas Edison.
Cocklebur and stinging nettle have been used for
natural dyes and medicinal purposes.
Some plants seem to subtly improve the flavor of other plants around them. For example,
stinging nettle, besides being edible if properly cooked, seems to increase essential oil production in nearby herbs.[12]
Clover, like other
legumes, hosts bacteria that
fix nitrogen in the soil. Its vining nature covers the ground, sheltering more moisture than it consumes, providing a humid, cooler
microclimate for surrounding plants as a "green mulch". It also is preferred by rodents over many garden crops, reducing the loss of vegetable crops.
Dandelions possess a deep, strong
tap root that breaks up hard soil, benefiting weaker-rooted plants nearby and drawing up nutrients from deeper than shallower-rooted nearby plants can access. They will also excrete minerals and nitrogen through their roots.[13]
Crow garlic, the wild chives found in sunny parts of a North American yard, has all of the companion plant benefits of other
alliums, including repelling
japanese beetles,
aphids, and rodents, and is believed to benefit the flavor of
solanums like tomatoes and peppers. It can be used as a substitute for garlic in cooking, though it may lend a bitter aftertaste.
Daucus carota works as a
nurse plant for nearby crops like
lettuce, shading them from overly intense sunlight and keeping more humidity in the air. It attracts predatory wasps and flies that eat vegetable pests. It has a scientifically tested[14] beneficial effect on nearby tomato plants. When it is young it has an edible root, revealing its relationship to the domesticated
carrot.
^"Scribd", The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society, Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2020, retrieved 2023-04-06
^Dalrymple, R. L.; Rogers, J. L. (1983). "Allelopathic effects of western ragweed on seed germination and seedling growth of selected plants". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 9 (8). SpringerLink: 1073–1078.
doi:
10.1007/BF00982212.
PMID24407801.
S2CID2943929.