Solanum is a large and diverse
genus of
flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the
potato, the
tomato and the
eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family
Solanaceae, comprising around 1,500 species. It also contains the so-called horse nettles (unrelated to the genus of true nettles, Urtica), as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit.
The generic name was first used by
Pliny the Elder (AD 23–79) for a plant also known as strychnos, most likely S. nigrum. Its derivation is uncertain, possibly stemming from the
Latin word sol, meaning "sun", referring to its status as a plant of the sun.[3]
Species having the common name "nightshade"
The species most commonly called nightshade in North America and Britain is Solanum dulcamara, also called bittersweet or woody nightshade (so-called because it is a (
scandent)
shrub). Its foliage and egg-shaped red berries are poisonous, the active principle being
solanine, which can cause convulsions and death if taken in large doses. Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) is also generally considered poisonous, but its fully-ripened fruit and its foliage are both cooked and eaten in some areas. Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) belongs, like Solanum, to subfamily
Solanoideae of the nightshade family, but, unlike that genus, is a member of
tribeHyoscyameae (Solanum belongs to tribe Solaneae).[4] The chemistry of Atropa species is very different from that of Solanum species and features the very toxic
tropane alkaloids, the best-known of which is
atropine.[5]
Food crops
Most parts of the plants, especially the green parts and unripe fruit, are
poisonous to humans (although not necessarily to other animals), but many species in the genus bear some edible parts, such as
fruits,
leaves, or
tubers. Three crops in particular have been bred and harvested for consumption by humans for centuries, and are now cultivated on a global scale:
Tomato varieties are sometimes bred from both S. lycopersicum and wild tomato species such as S. pimpinellifolium, S. peruvianum, S. cheesmanii, S. galapagense, S. chilense, etc. (such varieties include—among others—Bicentennial, Dwarf Italian, Epoch, Golden Sphere, Hawaii, Ida Red, Indigo Rose,[6] Kauai, Lanai, Marion, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, Oahu, Owyhee, Parma, Payette, Red Lode, Super Star, Surecrop, Tuckers Forcing, V 121, Vantage, Vetomold, and Waltham.)[7]
Less important but cultured relatives used in small amounts include S. stenotomum, S. phureja, S. goniocalyx, S. ajanhuiri, S. chaucha, S. juzepczukii, S. curtilobum.
Eggplant (also known as brinjal or aubergine), S. melongena
Poisonings associated with certain species of Solanum are not uncommon and may be fatal. However, several species are locally used in
folk medicine, particularly by native people who have long employed them.
Ecology
Solanum species are used as food plants by the
larvae of some
Lepidoptera species (
butterflies and
moths) – see list of Lepidoptera that feed on Solanum.
The genus was established by
Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[9] Its subdivision has always been problematic, but slowly some sort of consensus is being achieved.
The following list is a provisional lineup of the genus' traditional subdivisions, together with some notable species.[9] Many of the
subgenera and
sections might not be valid; they are used here provisionally as the
phylogeny of this genus is not fully resolved yet and many species have not been reevaluated.
Cladistic analyses of
DNA sequence data suggest that the present subdivisions and rankings are largely invalid. Far more subgenera would seem to warrant recognition, with Leptostemonum being the only one that can at present be clearly subdivided into sections. Notably, it includes as a major lineage several members of the traditional sections Cyphomandropsis and the old genus Cyphomandra.[1]
Lycianthes mociniana (as S. uniflorum Dunal in Poir. and S. uniflorum Sessé & Moc.)
Lycianthes rantonnetii (as S. rantonnetii, S. urbanum var. ovatifolium and var. typicum)
Undetermined species of Lycianthes have been referred to under names such as S. chrysophyllum, S. ciliatum Blume ex Miq., S. corniculatum Hiern, S. lanuginosum, S. retrofractum var. acuminatum, S. violaceum Blume, S. violifolium f. typicum, S. virgatum notst β albiflorum, S. uniflorum Lag. or S. uniflorum var. berterianum.
References
^
ab"Solanum L."Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2013-07-15.
^Armando T. Hunziker 2001: The Genera of Solanaceae. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell, Liechtenstein.
ISBN3-904144-77-4.
^Frohne, Dietrich and Pfänder, Hans Jürgen. 1984 A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants : A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, Toxicologists, and Biologists transl. from 2nd German ed. by Norman Grainger Bisset, London : Wolfe Atlases. Wolfe Publishing.
^RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
ISBN978-1405332965.
^
ab"Solanum Phylogeny". Solanaceae Source. Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
^Whalen, Michael D (1979). "Allozyme Variation and Evolution in Solanum Section Androceras". Systematic Botany. 4 (3): 203–222.
doi:
10.2307/2418419.
JSTOR2418419.