| Battle of Qarawal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Afghan-Sikh wars | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
Durrani Empire
Khanate of Kalat |
Sukerchakia Misl | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Nasir Khan Gahram Khan † Ahmad Khan † | Charat Singh [1] [2] | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
18,000 Durrani forces
[3] 12,000 from Kalat [3] (Invasion force, unknown present at battle) | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
The Battle of Qarawal was fought between the Sikhs under the command of Charat Singh against the Afghan forces led by Ahmad Shah Abdali and his Kalat ally Mir Nasir Khan I.The battle resulted in a victory for the Afghan forces and forced the Sikhs to withdraw to Amritsar.
Background
Following Ahmad Shah's sixth campaign and his withdrawal, the Sikhs took advantage of his absence by expanding Sikh influence over the Punjab. The Sikhs defeated the Afghans at Kasur and much of the Jalandhar Doaba was overrun by the Sikhs. [4] And early in January 1764, Sirhind also fell to Sikh control. [5]
Hearing news of this, Ahmad Shah was enraged and began mobilizing for another invasion of India. Ahmad Shah mobilized 18,000 men and also called upon Nasir Khan of Kalat. [6] Ahmad Shah and Nasir Khan marched their forces across the Punjab, with Nasir Khan crossing the Ravi river. The two forces united at Eminabad. [7] The following day, Ahmad Shah marched to the Ravi river again, before marching on Lahore. Ahmad Shah then held a Durbar in the fort of Lahore. [7]
The next morning, news arrived that the Sikhs had attacked Qarawal, with two of the sardars there, Gahram Khan and Ahmad Khan requesting immediate support. Ahmad Khan and his son were killed in the battle. [8]
Battle
Following this, Afghan reinforcements to the battle arrived under Nasir Khan, and fighting began. Nasir Khan himself came forward in the battle and begin skirmishing. Charat Singh then advanced to oppose him. However, Nasir Khan charged upon him, to which, Charat Singh fled to the safety of his troops. [9] During this, a Sikh gunner shot Nasir Khan's horse, killing it. Despite this, Nasir Khan returned to his troops unharmed, and his men chanted "Bismillah" for his safe return. Two of Nasir's servants, Muhammad Husain and Mir Mangah killed the Sikh gunner. [9] [10]
As the rest of the Durrani reinforcements came into battle, the Sikhs were routed from the battlefield, and fled from the battle at night. [11][ unreliable source?]
Aftermath
Following this victory, Ahmad Shah advised Nasir Khan to not fight again in the front ranks of battle. [12] [10] After his battle with Charat Singh, Ahmad Shah received news that the Sikhs had retreated to the city of Amritsar. Ahmad Shah and the Afghan forces entered Amritsar on December 1, 1764.It was at Amritsar that he would get into a skirmish with Baba Gurbaksh Singh along with 29 other Sikh defenders at Shri Harmandir Sahib.It was in this skirmish that all 30 Sikh defenders were killed and the Shri Harmandir Sahib was destroyed under the orders of Ahmad Shah. [13] [14]
References
- ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (2000). Studies In Later Mughal History Of The Punjab 1707-1793. Sang-e-Meel Publications. pp. 237–240. ISBN 9789693507560.
- ^ Singh, Ganda (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Publishing House and online by Cambridge University Press. p. 297.
- ^ a b Gupta 2000, p. 197-199.
- ^ Gupta 2000, p. 195-196.
- ^ Gupta 2000, p. 196.
- ^ Gupta 2000, p. 197.
- ^ a b Gupta 2000, p. 200.
- ^ Gupta 2000, p. 201-202.
- ^ a b Gupta 2000, p. 202.
- ^ a b Singh 1959, p. 299.
- ^ Gupta 2000, p. 202-203.
- ^ Gupta 2000, p. 203.
- ^ Singh, Harbans (2011). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism Volume II E-L (3rd ed.). Punjabi University,Patiala. pp. 131–132. ISBN 81-7380-204-1.
- ^ Gupta, Hari (2007). History Of The Sikhs Vol. II Evolution Of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 216. ISBN 978-81-215-0248-1.