According to an inscription, Annubanini seems to have been contemporary with
Simurrum king
Iddin-Sin.[6] Another well-known Lullubi king is
Satuni, who was vanquished by the Mesopotamian king
Naram-Sin circa 2250 BCE.[7]
In this rock relief, Anubanini, the king of the
Lullubi, puts his foot on the chest of a captive. There are 8 other captives, two of them kneeled behind the Lullubian equivalent of the Akkadian goddess
Ishtar (recognisable by the four pairs of horns on her headdress and the weapons over her shoulders) and six of them standing in a lower row at the bottom of the rock relief.[5][1] He is faced by goddess Nini/
Innana/
Ishtar, and it is thought that he may have claimed divinity, like several rulers after the end of the
Third Dynasty of Ur.[8][4][5]
In the inscription in
Akkadian script and language, he declares himself as the mighty king of Lullubium, who had set up his image as well as that of
Ishtar on mount Batir, and calls on various deities to preserve his monument:[9]
Anubanini, the mighty king, king of Lullubum, erected an image of himself and an image of Ishtar in the Mountains of Batir... (follows a lengthy curse formula invoking deities Anu, Antum, Enlil, Ninlil, Adad, Ishtar, Sin and Shamash to preserve his monument)
— Akkadian language inscription of the Anubanini relief.[1][10]
Raids on Guthium, Elam, and Babylonian territory
Some later legends, such as the Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin, describe a king Anubanini during the reign of
Naram-Sin (c. 2254–2218 BCE), who used to raid the fertile lands of the Babylonian plain from his mountain territory on the eastern frontier.[13] The epic Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin claims
Gutium and
Elam among the lands raided by the hordes led by Anubanini.[14][13][15] According to this account Anubanini was only stopped at the shores of the
Persian Gulf.[13]
"Warriors with bodies of “cave birds”, a race with ravens’ faces (...) in the midst of the Mountain they grew up, came to manhood and acquired their stature. Seven kings, brothers, glorious and noble, their troops numbered 360,000. Their father was Anubanini the king, their mother the queen, Melili was her name. (...) They devastated Gutium and invaded the land of Elam"
— The Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin (extracts), translation
Oliver Gurney.[16]
Depictions
Original relief.
Components of the relief (extracted).
Portrait of king Anubanini.
The name Annubanini as it appears at the beginning of the
Anubanini rock relief inscription.
Drawing- Queen Lulubian from the relief of Sarpolzahab. The second half of the third millennium BC
^Cameron, George G. (1936).
History of Early Iran(PDF). The University of Chicago Press. p. 41.
^Cameron, George G. (1936).
History of Early Iran(PDF). The University of Chicago Press. p. 35.
^" He wears a feather crown such as that found in a few hammered bronzes of Luristan belonging to the early first millennium B.C." in
Ancient Iran. 1965. p. 43.