From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Decade
The 860s decade ran from January 1, 860, to December 31, 869.
Events
860
This section is
transcluded from
AD 860 .
(
|
history )
By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
King
Charles the Bald gives the order to build fortified bridges across the
Seine and
Loire Rivers, to protect Paris and the
Frankish heartland against
Viking raids. He hires the services of
Weland , a Viking chieftain based on the
Somme , to attack the Seine Vikings at their base on the
Isle of Oissel . Weland besieges the Vikings—they offer him a huge
bribe (6,000 pounds of
silver ) to let them escape.
[3]
Summer – The Viking chieftains
Hastein and
Björn Ironside ravage upstream and move to Italy, sacking
Luna (believing it to be Rome). They sail up the
River Arno to sack the cities of
Pisa and
Fiesole (
Tuscany ).
[4]
Summer – Viking raiders led by Weland sail to England and attack
Winchester (the capital of
Wessex ), which is set ablaze. He spreads inland, but is defeated by West Saxon forces, who deprive him of all he has gained.
[5]
December 20 – King
Æthelbald of Wessex dies after a 2½-year reign.
[6] He is succeeded by his brother, sub-king
Æthelberht of
Kent , who becomes sole ruler of Wessex.
[7]
Iberian Peninsula
By topic
Art
Communication
Religion
861
This section is
transcluded from
AD 861 .
(
|
history )
By place
Europe
March –
Robert the Strong is appointed
margrave of
Neustria by King
Charles the Bald . He re-establishes the
Breton March , and extends his remit by campaigning against
Salomon , duke 'king' of
Brittany . Robert hires a combined
Seine -
Loire fleet for 6,000 pounds of
silver , 'before Salomon can ally with them against him'. In return, Salomon enlists 12 Viking ships under the command of
Hastein , to raid the county of
Maine , which, with
Anjou , becomes squeezed between Brittany and Neustria.
Spring – The
Council of Constantinople , attended by 318 fathers and presided over by papal legates, confirms
Photius the Great as patriarch, and passes 17 canons.
Carloman , eldest son of King
Louis the German , revolts against his father. He is captured, but manages to escape to the
Ostmark (or
862 ).
Summer –
Viking raiders sack the cities of
Paris ,
Cologne ,
Aachen ,
Worms and
Toulouse .
Abbasid Caliphate
Dirham
Bust of Al-Mutawakkil. He was assassinated by his Turkic guards and his son on the night of 11 December 861
By topic
Hydrology
862
This section is
transcluded from
AD 862 .
(
|
history )
By place
Europe
The
Varangians (called
Rus' ), under the leadership of
Rurik , a Viking chieftain, arrive (with his brothers,
Sineus and Truvor ) at
Staraya Ladoga . He builds a
trade settlement near
Novgorod (modern
Russia ), and founds the
Rurik Dynasty .
King
Lothair II of
Lotharingia tries to divorce his wife
Teutberga , on trumped-up charges of
incest . With the support of his brother,
Louis II , the
bishops give him permission to remarry during a
synod at
Aachen .
March –
Viking raiders led by
Weland are trapped at
Trilbardou Bridge (Northern
France ), and submit to King
Charles the Bald . He and his family accept
Christianity (they are
baptised ) before leaving
Neustria .
Robert the Strong , margrave of Neustria, captures 12 Viking ships and kills their crews. He pays
tribute (
Danegeld ) for keeping the Vikings out of Neustria.
[9]
Carloman , eldest son of King
Louis the German , revolts against his father. He is captured, but manages to escape to the
Ostmark (or
861 ).
First raid of the
Hungarians in the
Carpathian Basin at the request of
Rastislav of Moravia against the
East Frankish Kingdom .
[10]
The first written record (according to the
Primary Chronicle ) is made of the towns of
Belozersk and
Murom (Northern Russia).
Viking forces sack
Cologne .
Britain
Abbasid Caliphate
China
By topic
Religion
863
This section is
transcluded from
AD 863 .
(
|
history )
By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
Britain
Asia
Armenia
By topic
Religion
864
This section is
transcluded from
AD 864 .
(
|
history )
By place
Europe
Spring – Emperor
Louis II (the Younger ) marches with a
Frankish army against
Rome . While en route to the
papal city, he becomes ill, and decides to make peace with
Pope Nicholas I .
July 25 –
Edict of Pistres : King
Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the
Vikings . He creates a large force of
cavalry , which inspires the beginning of French
chivalry .
Viking raiders, led by
Olaf the White , arrive in
Scotland from the Viking settlement of
Dublin (
Ireland ). He rampages the country, until his defeat in battle by King
Constantine I .
Robert the Strong , margrave of
Neustria , attacks the
Loire Vikings in a successful campaign. Other Viking raiders
plunder the cities of
Limoges and
Clermont , in
Aquitaine .
King
Louis the German invades
Moravia , crossing the
Danube River to
besiege the civitas Dowina (identified, although not unanimously, with
Devín Castle in
Slovakia ).
[15]
[16]
Pepin II joins the Vikings in an attack on
Toulouse . He is captured while besieging the Frankish city. Pepin is deposed as king of
Aquitaine , and imprisoned in
Senlis .
September 13 –
Pietro Tradonico dies after a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by
Orso I Participazio , who becomes
doge of
Venice .
King
Alfonso III conquers
Porto from the
Emirate of Cordoba . This is the end of the direct Muslim domination of the
Douro region.
[17]
Asia
By topic
Religion
865
This section is
transcluded from
AD 865 .
(
|
history )
By place
Europe
King
Louis the German divides the
East Frankish Kingdom among his three sons.
Carloman receives
Bavaria (with more lands along the
Inn River ). He gives
Saxony to
Louis the Younger (with
Franconia , and
Thuringia ) and
Swabia (with
Raetia ) to
Charles the Fat . Louis arranges
marriages into the local
aristocracy , for his sons to hold important territories along the frontiers.
King
Lothair II , threatened with
excommunication , takes back his first wife,
Teutberga . She expresses her desire for an
annulment , but this is refused by
Pope Nicholas I .
Boris I , ruler (
knyaz ) of the
Bulgarian Empire , suppresses a
revolt , and orders the execution of 52 leading
boyars , along with their whole families.
Britain
Abbasid Caliphate
By topic
Religion
866
This section is
transcluded from
AD 866 .
(
|
history )
By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
Britain
Abbasid Caliphate
Japan
By topic
Religion
867
This section is
transcluded from
AD 867 .
(
|
history )
By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
Britain
Vikings or "
Danes " (the two terms were often used interchangeably at the time), comprising the
Great Heathen Army , advance northward from bases in the
Kingdom of East Anglia , into the Anglo-Saxon
Kingdom of Northumbria .
Deira , the southernmost part of Northumbria, is conquered by the Vikings.
Ivar the Boneless , one of their leaders, installs a
puppet king of Northumbria,
Ecgberht I .
[25]
The rival monarchs of Northumbria,
Ælla and
Osberht , join forces in an attempt to expel the Great Heathen Army, but are
defeated in battle by Ivar the Boneless and
Halfdan Ragnarsson . Osberht is killed in battle, while Ælla is reportedly captured, before being subject to the
blood eagle : a combined method of torture and execution.
Surviving members of the Northumbrian
court flee into the northernmost part of the kingdom,
Bernicia .
By topic
Religion
868
This section is
transcluded from
AD 868 .
(
|
history )
By place
Europe
Britain
Africa
Asia
869
This section is
transcluded from
AD 869 .
(
|
history )
By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
Britain
Arabian Empire
Japan
Mesoamerica
By topic
Religion
Significant people
Births
860
Bertila of Spoleto , queen of
Italy (approximate date)
Donald II , king of
Scotland (approximate date)
Georgios I , king of
Makuria (approximate date)
Ibn Abd Rabbih , Moorish writer and
poet (d.
940 )
John X , pope of the
Catholic Church (d.
928 )
Ludmila , Bohemian duchess regent and saint (approximate date)
Odo I , king of the
West Frankish Kingdom (or
859 )
Robert I , king of the West Frankish Kingdom (or
866 )
Sancho Garcés I , king of
Pamplona (approximate date)
Sergius III , pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
Tudwal Gloff , Welsh prince (approximate date)
Vasugupta , Indian writer and
philosopher (d.
925 )
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
Deaths
860
December 3 –
Abbo , bishop of
Auxerre
December 20 –
Æthelbald , king of
Wessex
[6]
Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī , Muslim
mathematician
'Anbasah ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi , Muslim governor
Athanasia of Aegina , Byzantine noblewoman
Constantine Kontomytes , Byzantine general
Govindasvāmi , Indian
astronomer (approximate date)
Guy I , duke of
Spoleto (approximate date)
Halfdan the Black , Norwegian
nobleman
Sedulius Scottus , Irish grammarian
Tunberht , bishop of
Lichfield (approximate date)
861
Shuja also known as Umm Jaʽfar was the mother of Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil.
April 6 –
Prudentius , bishop of
Troyes
December 11
Al-Mutawakkil , Abbasid
caliph (b.
822 ), On the night of 11 December, about one hour after midnight, the Turk guards burst in the chamber where the Caliph and al-Fath were having supper. Al-Fath was killed trying to protect the Caliph, who was killed next. His son, Al-Muntasir, who now assumed the caliphate, initially claimed that al-Fath had murdered his father, and that he had been killed after; within a short time, however, the official story changed to al-Mutawakkil choking on his drink.
al-Fath ibn Khaqan , chief confidante and councillor of al-Mutawakkil
Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani , Persian
astronomer
Álvaro of Córdoba , Mozarab scholar and theologian
Ansovinus , bishop of
Camerino (approximate date)
Bai Minzhong ,
chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b.
792 )
Gladilanus , Galician clergyman (approximate date)
Gregory of Khandzta , Georgian
archimandrite (b.
759 )
Heonan , king of Silla (
Korea )
Princess Ito of Japan
Lando I , count of
Capua
Meinrad of Einsiedeln , German
hermit and martyr
Pribina , Slavic prince (approximate date)
Samuel of Kakheti , Georgian prince
862
April 13 –
Donald I , king of
Scotland (b.
812 )
July 2 –
Swithun , bishop of
Winchester
September 26 –
Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi , Muslim military leader (b. c.
790 )
Æthelred II , king of
Northumbria
Al-Muntasir , Muslim
caliph (b.
837 )
Bugha al-Kabir , Muslim general
Lupus Servatus , Frankish
abbot (approximate date)
Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid ,
High King of
Ireland
Ruarc mac Brain , king of
Leinster (Ireland)
Tahir ibn Abdallah , Muslim governor
863
January 25 –
Charles of Provence , Frankish king (b.
845 )
June 4 –
Charles , archbishop of
Mainz
June 6 –
Abu Musa Utamish , Muslim
vizier
October 4 –
Turpio , Frankish
nobleman
Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani , Muslim governor
Bivin of Gorze , Frankish nobleman
Daniél ua Líahaiti , Irish
abbot and poet
Duan Chengshi , Chinese official and scholar
Karbeas , leader of the
Paulicians
Mucel , bishop of
Hereford (approximate date)
Muirecán mac Diarmata , king of
Leinster
Umar al-Aqta , emir of
Melitene
Yahya ibn Muhammad , Idrisid emir of Morocco
[37]
864
September 13 –
Pietro Tradonico , doge of
Venice
Al-Fadl ibn Marwan , Muslim
vizier
Al-Fadl ibn Qarin al-Tabari , Muslim governor
Arnold of Gascony , Frankish
nobleman
Bi Xian ,
chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b.
802 )
Ennin , Japanese
priest and
traveler
Hucbert , Frankish nobleman (b.
820 )
Laura , Spanish
abbess
Lorcán mac Cathail , king of
Uisneach (
Ireland )
Muhammad ibn al-Fadl al-Jarjara'i , Muslim
vizier (or
865 )
Pei Xiu , chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b.
791 )
Sancho II , count of
Gascony (approximate date)
Sergius I , duke of
Naples
Trpimir I , duke (
knez ) of
Croatia
Yahya ibn Umar , Muslim
imam (or 865)
865
February 3 –
Ansgar , Frankish monk and
archbishop (b.
801 )
March 8 –
Rudolf of Fulda , German
theologian
November 11 –
Petronas , Byzantine general
December 26 –
Zheng , empress of the
Tang dynasty
Æthelberht , king of
Wessex
Antony the Younger , Byzantine governor and saint (b.
785 )
Deshan Xuanjian , Chinese
Zen
Buddhist monk
Gao Qu , chancellor of the Tang dynasty
Kassia , Byzantine
abbess and
hymnographer
Khurshid , ruler (
shah ) of
Daylam
Liu Gongquan , Chinese
calligrapher (b.
778 )
Lothair the Lame , Frankish
abbot
Muhammad ibn al-Fadl al-Jarjara'i , Muslim
vizier (or
864 )
Pepin II , king of
Aquitaine (approximate date)
Ragnar Lodbrok , king of
Denmark and
Sweden
Raymond I , count of
Toulouse
Rorgon II , count of
Maine (approximate date)
Tigernach mac Fócartai , king of
Lagore (
Ireland )
Wenilo , Frankish
archbishop
Xiao Zhi , chancellor of the Tang dynasty
Yahya ibn Umar , Muslim
imam (or 864)
866
April 21 –
Bardas , Byzantine chief minister and
regent
May 27 –
Ordoño I , king of
Asturias
June 21 –
Rodulf , Frankish
archbishop
July 2 –
Robert the Strong , Frankish
nobleman
July 16 –
Irmgard , Frankish
abbess
October 17 –
Al-Musta'in , Abbasid
caliph
Adelaide of Tours , Frankish noblewoman
Al-Mu'ayyad , Abbasid prince
Charles the Child , king of
Aquitaine
Eberhard , duke of
Friuli
Emenon , Frankish nobleman
Hungerus Frisus , bishop of
Utrecht
Linji Yixuan , Chinese monk and founder of the
Linji school
Liudolf , duke of
Saxony
Ranulf I , Frankish nobleman (b.
820 )
Robert , Frankish nobleman (b.
834 )
Rudolph , Frankish nobleman
Wang Shaoyi , general of the
Tang Dynasty
Yahya ibn Yahya , Idrisid emir of Morocco
[38]
867
March 21 –
Ælla , king of
Northumbria
March 21 –
Osberht , king of Northumbria
November 13 –
Nicholas I , pope of the
Catholic Church
Auisle , Viking leader (approximate date)
Cormac mac Connmhach , Irish monk and
scribe
Donnchad mac Aedacain , king of
Uisneach (
Ireland )
Eahlstan , bishop of
Sherborne
Fujiwara no Yoshimi , Japanese
nobleman (b.
813 )
Fujiwara no Yoshisuke , Japanese statesman (b. 813)
Galindo Aznárez I , count of
Aragon
Gottschalk of Orbais , German monk and
theologian
Lazarus Zographos , Byzantine monk and
painter
Louis , Frankish
archchancellor and
abbot
Michael III , emperor of the
Byzantine Empire (b.
840 )
Muhammad ibn Abdallah , Abbasid governor
Qarin I , ruler (
spahbed ) of the
Bavand Dynasty
Wasif al-Turki , Abbasid general
Wulfsige , bishop of
Lichfield
868
Ali al-Hadi , tenth
Shia Imam
Al-Jahiz , Afro-Muslim
scholar and writer (b.
776 )
Bugha al-Sharabi , Turkish military leader
Conwoïon , Breton
abbot (approximate date)
Minamoto no Makoto , Japanese prince (b.
810 )
Muzahim ibn Khaqan , Muslim governor
Stephania , wife of
Adrian II
Theotgaud , archbishop of
Trier
Yang Shou , chancellor of the
Tang Dynasty
Yu Xuanji , Chinese
poet (or
869 )
869
February 14 –
Cyril , Byzantine
missionary and bishop
August 8 –
Lothair II , king of
Lotharingia (b.
835 )
September 8 –
Ahmad ibn Isra'il al-Anbari , Muslim
vizier
September 18 –
Wenilo , Frankish
archbishop
October 14 –
Pang Xun , Chinese rebel leader
November 20 (or
870 ) –
Edmund the Martyr , king of
East Anglia
Al-Darimi , Muslim
scholar and
imam
Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi , Muslim jurist (approximate date)
Al-Jahiz , Afro-Muslim scholar and writer (or
868 )
Al-Mu'tazz , Muslim
caliph (b.
847 )
Dongshan Liangjie , Chinese
Buddhist teacher (b.
807 )
Dúnlaing mac Muiredaig , king of
Leinster (
Ireland )
Ermentrude of Orléans , queen of the
Franks (b.
823 )
Gundachar , count (or
margrave ) of
Carinthia
Leuthard II , Frankish
count (or
858 )
Rothad of Soissons , Frankish bishop
Shapur ibn Sahl , Persian physician
Solomon , Frankish
count (approximate date)
Yu Xuanji , Chinese
poet (or
868 )
References
^ Logan, Donald F. (1992). The Vikings in history (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 190.
ISBN
0-415-08396-6 .
^
Vasiliev, Alexander (1925). The Russian Attack on Constantinople in 860 . Cambridge, MA: Mediaeval Academy of America. pp. 188–189.
^ John Haywood (1995). The Historical Atlas of the Vikings , pp. 60–61. Penguin Books:
ISBN
978-0-140-51328-8 .
^ John Haywood (1995). The Historical Atlas of the Vikings , p. 59. Penguin Books:
ISBN
978-0-140-51328-8 .
^ Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great , p. 20.
ISBN
978-1-59416-087-5 .
^
a
b
"Aethelbald - king of Wessex" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 21 February 2018 .
^
"Aethelberht - king of Wessex" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 21 February 2018 .
^ Martínez Diez, Gonzalo (2007). Sancho III el Mayor Rey de Pamplona, Rex Ibericus (in Spanish). Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. p. 25.
ISBN
978-84-96467-47-7 .
JSTOR
j.ctt6wpw4q .
^ John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings , p. 61. Penguin Books:
ISBN
978-0-140-51328-8 .
^ Bóna, István (2000). The Hungarians and Europe in the 9th-10th centuries . Budapest: Historia - MTA Történettudományi Intézete, p. 13.
ISBN
963-8312-67-X .
^ Kirby, D. P. (1991).
The Earliest English Kings (Illustrated ed.).
Unwin Hyman . p. 197.
ISBN
978-0-04-445692-6 .
^ Levathes, Louise (1994).
When China Ruled The Seas: The Treasure Fleet Of The Dragon Throne 1405-1433 (Illustrated ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 38.
ISBN
0-671-70158-4 .
^ Guidoboni, Emanuela; Traina, Giusto (1995),
"A new catalogue of earthquakes in the historical Armenian area from antiquity to the 12th century" , Annals of Geophysics , 38 : 121–123,
doi :
10.4401/ag-4134
^ Barford, Paul M. (2001).
The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe (Illustrated ed.). Cornell University Press. pp. 109–110.
ISBN
978-0-8014-3977-3 .
^ Bowlus, Charles R. (1995).
Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788-907 (Illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 140.
ISBN
978-0-8122-3276-9 .
^ Goldberg, Eric Joseph (2006).
Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817-876 (Illustrated, reprint ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 273.
ISBN
978-0-8014-3890-5 .
^ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle0. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique . Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109.
ISBN
2-7068-1398-9 .
^ Buhl, Fr. (1986). Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.).
"al-Ḥasan b. Zayd b. Muḥammad" . The Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill: 245.
^ Karloukovski, Vassil (1927).
"V. Zlatarski - Istorija 1 B - 3.2" . Promacedonia.org . Retrieved August 26, 2017 .
^ John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings , p. 62. Penguin Books:
ISBN
978-0-140-51328-8
^ History of the Arabs by Philip K. Hitti.
^ Dick, Preston (2023-02-24).
"Beyond the Trivia - Fish Fridays" .
KRCG . Retrieved 2023-03-01 .
^
"How Did the Roman Catholic Tradition of Eating Fish on Fridays Begin?" . Retrieved 2023-03-01 .
^ Finlay, G. (1856). History of the Byzantine Empire from DCCXVI to MLVII (2nd ed.). W. Blackwood. pp. 180–181.
^ Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great , p. 30.
ISBN
978-1-59416-087-5 .
^ Rucquoi, Adeline (1993). Histoire médiévale de la Péninsule ibérique . Paris: Seuil. p. 86.
ISBN
2-02-012935-3 .
^ Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great , p. 31.
ISBN
978-1-59416-087-5 .
^
Victor H. Mair 2016 (lecture).
"Dunhuang as Nexus of the Silk Road during the Middle Ages" on
YouTube (58:30~58:40)
Getty Research Institute . Accessed September 15, 2016.
^ Kreutz, Barbara M. (1991). Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the ninth and tenth centuries . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 43.
ISBN
0812231015 .
^ Hill, Paul (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great . pp. 32–6.
ISBN
978-1-59416-087-5 .
^ Gransden, Antonia (2004).
"Edmund [St Edmund] (d. 869)" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/8500 . (subscription or
UK public library membership required)
^ Jones, Keith (2015). Holiday Symbols and Customs . Detroit: Omnigraphics Incorporated. p. 345.
^
Martin, Simon ;
Grube, Nikolai (2000).
Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya . London; New York:
Thames & Hudson .
ISBN
0-500-05103-8 .
OCLC
47358325 .
^ Rahner, Karl (2004). Encyclopedia of Theology . p. 389.
ISBN
0-86012-006-6 .
^ Eustache, D. (1971).
"Idrīsids" . In
Lewis, B. ;
Ménage, V. L. ;
Pellat, Ch. &
Schacht, J. (eds.).
The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition . Volume III: H–Iram . Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1035–1037.
OCLC
495469525 .
^ Eustache, D. (1971).
"Idrīsids" . In
Lewis, B. ;
Ménage, V. L. ;
Pellat, Ch. &
Schacht, J. (eds.).
The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition . Volume III: H–Iram . Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1035–1037.
OCLC
495469525 .
Sources