Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of
prehistoriclife forms on
Earth through the examination of plant and animal
fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils,
tracks (
ichnites),
burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised
feces (
coprolites),
palynomorphs and
chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a
science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2024.
A probable unicellular alga. Genus includes new species C. amoenum.
Phycological research
Evidence from genomic data, interpreted as indicating that the
brown algae originated during the
Ordovician but their major diversification happened during the
Mesozoic, is presented by Choi et al. (2024).[3]
Kiel et al. (2024) report the discovery of
kelp holdfasts from the
Oligocene strata in Washington State (United States), providing evidence of the presence of kelp in the northeastern Pacific Ocean since the earliest Oligocene.[4]
A member of Xylariales belonging to the family Zygosporiaceae.
Mycological research
Garcia Cabrera & Krings (2024) describe fungi colonizing bulbils of Palaeonitella cranii from the Devonian
Rhynie chert, interpreted as distinct from fungi colonizing the axes and branchlets of P. cranii, which might indicate organ-specific colonization.[8]
A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Virgianidae.
Brachiopod research
Liang et al. (2024) describe fossil material of Anomaloglossa porca from the Ordovician (
Sandbian) Pingliang Formation (
China), extending known geographical range of the species from
Gondwana and Tarim to North China Platform, and interpret the studied fossils as indicative of an
infaunal lifestyle of A. porca.[20]
Shapiro (2024) describes fossil material of Dzieduszyckia from the Devonian Slaven Chert (
Nevada,
United States), possibly indicative of the presence of a species distinct from D. sonora in Nevada, and interprets Dzieduszyckia as capable of survival in both seep and non-seep settings, which enabled it be primed for the
Famennian biotic crises and give rise to later dimerelloids adapted to living in seep or vent settings.[21]
Harper & Peck (2024) present evidence of disappearance of large brachiopods from shallow tropical waters after the Jurassic period, interpreted as mainly caused by increase of
durophagous predation in these environments.[22]
A review of the early evolution of echinoderms is published by Rahman and Zamora (2024). [29]
Evidence of increase of diversity of adaptations to different life habits throughout the evolutionary history of Cambrian and Ordovician echinoderms is presented by Novack-Gottshall et al. (2024).[30]
Bohatý et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of Monstrocrinus from the Devonian strata in
Germany, and reinterpret Monstrocrinus as an attached, stalked echinoderm.[31]
Evidence indicating that the morphological and taxonomic diversity of conodonts was more affected by the
Capitanian mass extinction event than by
Permian–Triassic extinction event, and that both extinction events were followed by morphological innovation in conodonts, is presented by Xue et al. (2024).[36]
A study on the
multielement apparatus of Gladigondolella tethydis is published by Golding & Kılıç (2024), who interpret their findings as supporting the interpretation of Cratognathodus elements as belonging to the apparatus of G. tethydis.[37]
A study on the fossils and
paleosols of the Devonian Hervey Group (
New South Wales,
Australia) is published by
Retallack (2024), who interprets his findings as indicating that Metaxygnathus lived within streams among subhumid woodlands, and argues that
tetrapod limbs and necks most likely evolved in woodland streams.[45]
Porro, Martin-Silverstone &
Rayfield (2024) redescribe the anatomy of the skull of Eoherpeton watsoni and present a new, three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull.[46]
Redescription of the skeletal anatomy and a study on the affinities of Plagiosaurus depressus is published by Witzmann & Schoch (2024).[47]
A study on the affinities of Chinlestegophis jenkinsi is published by Marjanović et al. (2024), whose phylogenetic analysis doesn't support the interpretation of C. jenkinsi and
stereospondyls in general as
stem caecilians.[49]
A study on the morphology and histology of the humerus and femora of Kulgeriherpeton ultimum is published by Skutschas et al. (2024).[50]
Syromyatnikova et al. (2024) describe fossil material of a member of the genus Andrias from the Pliocene Belorechensk Formation (
Krasnodar Krai,
Russia), representing one of the geologically youngest and easternmost records of
giant salamanders in Europe reported to date.[51]
A specimen of Gansubatrachus qilianensis preserved with eggs within its body, interpreted as a skeletally immature gravid female, is described from the Lower Cretaceous Zhonggou Formation (
China) by Du et al. (2024).[52]
Santos, Carvalho & Zaher (2024) describe fossil material of an indeterminate
neobatrachian frog from the Eocene–Oligocene Aiuruoca Basin (
Brazil), expanding known diversity of frogs from the studied unit.[53]
A study on the
taphonomy of Eocene frog fossils from the Geiseltal
Lagerstätte (
Germany) is published by Falk et al. (2024), who find no evidence of
silicification of soft tissues, as well as no evidence of preservation of most of the soft tissues reported as preserved in earlier studies, interpret the fossil microbodies preserved with the frogs as more likely to be melanosomes than bacteria, and interpret the mode of soft tissue preservation in frogs from Geiseltal as similar to those of other fossil vertebrates from lacustrine ecosystems.[54]
A diverse assemblage of amphibian fossils is described from the Miocene and Pliocene strata from the
Hambach surface mine (Germany) by Villa, Macaluso & Mörs (2024), who interpret the studied fossils as indicative of a humid climate persisting in the area throughout the Neogene.[56]
Modesto (2024) reviews the phylogenetic studies that recovered
diadectomorphs or recumbirostrans within the
crown group of Amniota, and argues that the data presented so far is not sufficient to confidently classify both groups as amniotes.[58]
A
chiniquodontid cynodont. The type species is R. nenoi.
Research
Singh et al. (2024) provide evidence of a dramatic shift in the jaw functional morphology of carnivorous synapsids across the early-middle Permian transition, and interpret their findings as indicative of changes of feeding ecologies of predatory synapsids related to increasingly dynamic behaviors and interactions in the studied time interval.[66]
Evidence of functional differentiation of teeth of Mesenosaurus efremovi is presented by Maho et al. (2024).[67]
Maho, Holmes & Reisz (2024) describe new fossil material of large-bodied synapsids from the
Richards Spur locality (
Oklahoma,
United States), including fossil material of a
sphenacodontid which might be distinct from known members of the group and the first
ophiacodontid material from this locality; the authors use photography, stipple drawings and coquille drawings for visual representation of the studied material, and argue that three forms of visual representation provide more information about the specimens compared to only using photographs.[68]
Benoit et al. (2024) report evidence of neurological adaptations of Cistecynodon parvus to low-frequency hearing and low-light conditions, evidence that facial bosses of Pachydectes elsi were likely richly innervated and better suited for display, communication or species recognition than physical combat, and evidence of a healed braincase injury in a specimen of Moschognathus whaitsi, interpreted as likely head-butting related injury resulting from play-fighting of juveniles.[69]
Sidor & Mann (2024) describe an articulated sternum and interclavicle of a specimen of Aelurognathus tigriceps from the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (
Zambia), providing new information on the anatomy of the sternum in
gorgonopsians.[70]
Benoit et al. (2024) reevaluate the provenance of three gorgonopsian specimens from purported Lower Triassic strata in the Karoo Basin (South Africa), and interpret the studied fossils as expanding the range of the genus Cyonosaurus higher up in the extinction zone, but don't confirm the survival of gorgonopsians past the
Permian–Triassic extinction event.[72]
A study on the phylogeny of the
Eutheriodontia and on the character evolution within the group is published by Pusch, Kammerer & Fröbisch (2024), who recover
therocephalians as
paraphyletic with regards to cynodonts.[73]
A study on dental complexity in gomphodont cynodonts through time, indicating that the peak in postcanine complexity was reached early in the gomphodont evolution, is published by Hendrickx et al. (2024).[74]
Kaiuca et al. (2024) provide new body mass estimates for multiple cynodont taxa, and report that rates of body size evolution were lower in
prozostrodontians ancestral to the first
Mammaliaformes than in other lineages.[75]
Averianov & Voyta (2024) reinterpret fossil material of a putative Triassic stem mammal Tikitherium copei as a tooth of a Neogene shrew.[76]
A study on synapsid species richness and distribution throughout the Mesozoic is published by Brocklehurst (2024), who finds evidence of two phases of decline of non-mammalian synapsids – a restriction of their geographic range between the Triassic and Middle Jurassic, and a decline in species richness during the Early Cretaceous.[77]
Cao, Meng & Cai (2024) use electrochemical methods to simulate the process of tube generation of Cloudina under the same phosphorus content as modern seawater.[92]
Wang et al. (2024) describe fossil material of two distinct types of archaeocyaths from the Cambrian Shuijingtuo and Xiannüdong formations (China), including fossils with complicated interior network of canals which might be remains of a water filtration mechanism more complex and efficient than the ones seen in sponges.[93]
Review of events of decline in the evolutionary history of stromatoporoids is published by Kershaw & Jeon (2024).[94]
Turk et al. (2024) redescribe the type material of Archaeichnium haughtoni, and interpret it as one of the earliest examples of marine worm burrow linings in the fossil record reported to date.[95]
A specimen of Cricocosmia jinningensis preserved in the act of
moulting is described from the Cambrian Chengjiang
Lagerstätte (
China) by Yu, Wang & Han (2024), who present a reconstruction of the moulting process of C. jinningensis.[96]
A body fossil resembling tentacles of extant
trypanorhynch tapeworms is described from the Cretaceous amber from
Myanmar by Luo et al. (2024).[97]
Yang et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of Gaoloufangchaeta bifurcus from the Cambrian Wulongqing Formation (
China), and interpret G. bifurcus as the earliest known
errantian annelid.[98]
Tubular fossils which might belong to early
sabellids are described from the Upper Permian deposits in southern China by Słowiński, Clapham & Zatoń (2024), potentially expanding known range of sabellids during the late
Paleozoic.[99]
Jamison-Todd et al. (2024) describe boring produced by members of the genus Osedax in marine reptile bones from the Cenomanian Lower Chalk (
United Kingdom), Campanian Marlbrook Marl and Mooreville Chalk (
Arkansas and
Alabama,
United States) and Maastrichtian Mons Basin (
Belgium), providing evidence of the presence of Osedax on both sides of the northern Atlantic Ocean in the Cretaceous, as well as evidence of the presence of different morphotypes of borings which were possibly produced by different species.[100]
A study on the taxonomic and morphological diversity of Cambrian
hyoliths, providing evidence of increase in diversity in the early Cambrian followed by decline in the
Miaolingian, is published by Liu et al. (2024).[101]
Evidence of preservation of
thylakoid membranes within 1.78- to 1.73-billion-year-old fossils of Navifusa majensis from the McDermott Formation (Tawallah Group;
Australia) and in 1.01- to 0.9-billion-year-old specimens from the Grassy Bay Formation (Shaler Supergroup; Canada) is reported by Demoulin et al. (2024).[108]
A study comparing the preservation of fossils of cyanobacterial assemblages from the Ediacaran Gaojiashan biota and from the Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota (China) is published by Min et al. (2024), who interpret the differences of preservation modes of the studied fossils as resulting from changes of atmospheric CO2 levels, which may have risen to approximately ten times present atmospheric level during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition, and from related changes in marine chemical conditions.[109]
McMahon et al. (2024) describe fossil material of a colony-forming
entophysalid cyanobacterium from the Devonian Rhynie chert (Scotland, United Kingdom) with similarities to extant Entophysalis and mostly
ProterozoicEoentophysalis, and interpret this finding as suggestive of persistence of a single lineage with a broad environmental tolerance across 2 billion years.[110]
Miao et al. (2024) describe 1.63-billion-year-old fossils of Qingshania magnifica from the Chuanlinggou Formation (
China), and interpret the studied fossils as indicating that simple multicellularity evolved early in eukaryote history.[111]
A study on the depositional setting of the strata of the
Diabaig and Loch na Dal formations (
Scotland,
United Kingdom) preserving approximately 1-billion-year-old eukaryotic microfossils is published by Nielson, Stüeken & Prave (2024), who interpret their findings as indicating that early eukaryotes from the studied formations lived in
estuaries rather than lakes, and were likely exposed to frequently changing water conditions.[112]
A study on the impact of the climatic and environmental changes across the
Cenozoic on the distribution and diversity of planktonic marine
foraminifera is published by Swain et al. (2024).[113]
Surprenant &
Droser (2024) compile a database of all occurrences of non-biomineral Ediacaran tubular organisms, and report evidence of previously unrecognized morphological diversity of the studied organisms.[114]
History of life in general
Evidence of impact of ocean oxygenation events from
Cryogenian to Cambrian on early evolution of animals is presented by Kaiho et al. (2024).[115]
Ediacaran shallow-marine macrofossils from the Llangynog Inlier (Wales, United Kingdom) are determined to be approximately 564.09 million years old by Clarke et al. (2024).[116]
New silicified fossil assemblage is described from the Ediacaran
Dengying Formation (Shaanxi,
China) by Dai et al. (2024), who interpret fossil material of Cloudina from this assemblage as indicating that Cloudina had a worldwide distribution in different paleoecologies and biofacies.[117]
Evidence from the strata of the Dengying, Yanjiahe and Shuijingtuo formations (China), interpreted as indicative of the existence of a relationship between variable oceanic oxygenation, nitrogen supply and the evolution of early Cambrian life, is presented by Wei et al. (2024).[118]
Slater (2024) describes a diverse assemblage of arthropod and molluscan microfossil from the
Cambrian Stage 3 Mickwitzia Sandstone (
Sweden), providing evidence of diversification of molluscan
radulae which happened by the early Cambrian.[119]
Evidence indicating that pulse of supracrustal deformation along the edge of west
Gondwana caused a series of environmental changes that resulted in the
Cambrian Stage 4 Sinsk event (the first major extinction of the
Phanerozoic) is presented by Myrow et al. (2024).[120]
Evidence indicating that patterns of extinctions of marine invertebrates over the past 485 million years were affected by physiological traits of invertebrates and by climate changes is presented by Malanoski et al. (2024).[121]
Saleh et al. (2024) report the discovery of a new Early Ordovician
Lagerstätte from Montagne Noire (
France), preserving fossils of a diverse polar assemblage of both biomineralized and soft-bodied organisms (the Cabrières Biota).[122]
The Devonian vertebrate assemblage from the Cloghnan Shale at Jemalong (New South Wales, Australia), including fossil material of Metaxygnathus, is interpreted as more likely
Givetian–
Frasnian than
Famennian in age by Young (2024).[123]
Faure-Brac et al. (2024) study the size of the primary vascular canals in early
amniotes and non-amniote
tetrapods, interpreted as a proxy for the size of
red blood cells and for
thermophysiology of the studied taxa, and argue that amniotes were ancestrally
ectotherms, with different amniote group evolving
endothermy independently.[124]
Evidence from strata from the Permian–Triassic transition from southwest China, interpreted as indicative of temporal decoupling of the terrestrial and marine extinctions in Permian tropics during the
Permian–Triassic extinction event and of a protracted terrestrial extinction spanning approximately 1 million years, is presented by Wu et al. (2024).[125]
A study on the extinction selectivity of marine animals during the Permian–Triassic extinction event is published by Song et al. (2024), who find that animal groups with hemoglobin and hemocyanin were less affected by the extinction than animals with hemerythrin or relying on diffusion of oxygen.[126]
Zhou et al. (2024) report the discovery of a new Early Triassic fossil assemblage dominated by ammonites and arthropods (the Wangmo biota) from the Luolou Formation (China), interpreted as evidence of the presence of a complex marine ecosystem that was rebuilt after the Permian–Triassic extinction event.[127]
Revision of the fossil record of the Triassic tetrapods from
Russia is published by Shishkin et al. (2024).[128]
Simms & Drost (2024) interpret Triassic caves within Carboniferous limestone outcrops in south-west Britain as
Carnian in age, and consider terrestrial vertebrate fossils preserved in those caves to be Carnian or at least significantly pre-
Rhaetian in age.[129]
A study on the
femoral histology of amniotes from the Triassic
Ischigualasto Formation (
Argentina) is published by
Curry Rogerset al. (2024), who find that early dinosaurs known from this formation grew at least as quickly as sauropodomorph and theropod dinosaurs from the later Mesozoic, and that their elevated growth rates did not set them apart from other amniotes living at the same time.[130]
Taphonomic revision of Jurassic marine reptile fossils from the Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (
Italy) is published by Serafini et al. (2024), who find similarities between the studied fossil material and modern
whale falls in
pelagic-
bathyal zones, and interpret those similarities as consistent with a bathyal, deep-water interpretation of the Rosso Ammonitico Veronese depositional setting.[131]
A study on patterns of diversity changes of Late Jurassic tetrapods from the
Morrison Formation through time and space is published by
Maidment (2024).[132]
Evidence from calcareous nannofossils and small foraminifera from the Transylvanian Basin (
Romania), interpreted as indicative of the appearance of a diverse continental vertebrate faunal assemblage on
Hațeg Island by the second half of the late
Campanian, presence of
kogaionidmultituberculates in the earliest known Hațeg faunas, and post-Campanian arrivial of
hadrosauroids and
titanosaursauropods on the island, is presented by Bălc et al. (2024).[133]
A study on the body size evolution of Mesozoic dinosaurs (including birds) and mammaliaforms is published by Wilson et al. (2024), who find no evidence that
Bergmann's rule applied to the studied taxa.[134]
Fossil material of a reef biota that survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, including scleractinian corals and domical and bulbous growth forms which might be fossils of calcified sponges, is described from the Maastrichtian and Paleocene strata from the Adriatic islands Brač and Hvar (
Croatia) by Martinuš et al. (2024).[136]
New Miocene and Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages are described from the Sin Charoen sandpit (
Nakhon Ratchasima province,
Thailand) by Naksri et al. (2024), who intepret the Pleistocene assemblage as having strong faunal relationships with the Early-Middle Pleistocene faunas of
Java (
Indonesia).[137]
Antoine et al. (2024) report the discovery of fossil material from Kourou (
French Guiana) providing evidence of the presence of diverse foraminifer, plant and animal communities near the
equator in the 130,000-115,000 years ago time interval, as well as evidence of marine retreat and dryer conditions with a savanna-dominated landscape and episodes of fire during the onset of the
Last Glacial Period.[138]
Other research
563-million-year-old horizontal markings with similarities to horizontal animal trace fossils, reported from the Itajaí Basin (
Brazil), are interpreted as
pseudofossils of tectonic origin by Becker Kerber et al. (2024), who propose a set of criteria which can be used to evaluate the identity of putative trace fossils.[139]
Evidence interpreted as indicative of strong ozone depletion of the atmosphere at the onset of the Permian–Triassic extinction event is presented by Li et al. (2024).[141]
Evidence from mercury anomalies and fern spores from the Lower Saxony Basin (
Germany), interpreted as indicative of persistence of volcanic-induced mercury pollution after the
Triassic–Jurassic extinction event resulting in high abundances of malformed fern spores during the Triassic–Jurassic transition and during the
Hettangian, is presented by Bos et al. (2024).[142]
Woolley et al. (2024) attempt to quantify the amount of phylogenetic information available in the global fossil records of non-avian theropod dinosaurs, Mesozoic birds and squamates, and find that the studies of the phylogenic relationships of extinct animals are less affected by disproportionate representation of taxa from specific geologic units (especially
Lagerstätten) in the evolutionary tree when the entire global fossil record of the studied groups, rather than just fossils from specific geologic units, preserves higher amount of phylogenetic information; the authors also find that Late Cretaceous squamate fossils from the
Djadochta and
Barun Goyot formations (
Mongolia) provide a diproportionally large amount of phylogenetic information available in the squamate fossil record.[143]
Evidence indicating that, in spite of high global temperatures, oxygen availability in the waters of the tropical North Pacific actually rose during the
Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is presented by Moretti et al. (2024), who argue that this oxygen rise in the ocean might have prevented a mass extinction during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.[145]
Evidence of change in fire regime in northern
Australia that happened at least 11,000 years ago, resulting in fires becoming more frequent but less intense and interpreted as resulting from Indigenous fire management, is presented by Bird et al. (2024).[146]
Wiseman, Charles & Hutchinson (2024) compare multiple reconstructions of the musculature of Australopithecus afarensis, evaluating the capability of different models to maintain an upright, single-support limb posture, and find that models which are otherwise identical might be either able or unable support the body posed on an extended limb solely as a result of changing the input architectural parameters and including or excluding an elastic tendon.[147]
Sullivan et al. (2024) argue that the process of generating rigorous reconstructions of extinct animals can lead to fresh inferences about the anatomy of the studied animals, and support their claims with examples from dinosaur paleontology.[148]
Reumer (2024) hypothesizes that
Beringer's Lying Stones represent the first recorded case of an intentional paleontological fraud in history, and might have been perpetrated by
Johann Beringer himself.[149]
Paleoclimate
A multibillion-year history of seawater δ18O, temperature, and marine and terrestrial clay abundance is reconstructed by Isson & Rauzi (2024), who report evidence interpreted as indicative of temperate Proterozoic climate, and evidence indicating that declines in clay
authigenesis coincided with Paleozoic and Cenozoic cooling, the expansion of siliceous life, and the radiation of land plants.[150]
Gurung et al. (2024) use a new vegetation and climate model to study links between plant geographical range, the long-term carbon cycle and climate, and find that reduced geographical range of plants in
Pangaea resulted in increased atmospheric CO2 concentration during the Triassic and Jurassic periods, while the expande geographical range of plants after the breakup of Pangaea amplified global CO2 removal.[151]
A study on the geochemistry of Jurassic deposits of the External Rif Chain (
Morocco), providing evidence of climate changes in northwest
Gondwana during the Jurassic period (from cool climate with low rainfall and productivity during the Early Jurassic, to moister, warmer climate during the Middle and Late Jurassic, subsequently returning to arid and cool climate during the Late Jurassic), is published by Kairouani et al. (2024).[152]
Evidence indicating that small to large ice sheets were present in Antarctica throughout much of the Early Cretaceous, briefly melting in response to episodic volcanism, is presented by Nordt, Breecker & White (2024).[153]
Clark et al. (2024) present a new reconstruction of global temperature changes over the past 4.5 million years, interpreted as consistent with changes in the carbon cycle.[154]
Deaths
Estella Leopold, paleobotanist and conservation paleontologist passes on February 25, 2024 at 97. Leopold's work as a conservationist included taking legal action to help save the
Florissant Fossil Beds in Colorado, and fighting pollution. She was the daughter of
Aldo Leopold.[155]
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