1649-64: the Beaver Wars: Encouraged by the English, and the need for more beaver for trade (their own area being hunted out), Haudenosee (
Iroquois) make war on
Hurons (1649), Tobaccos (1649), Neutrals (1650–51), Erie (1653–56), Ottawa (1660), Illinois and Miami (1680–84), and members of the
Mahican confederation. English, pleased with this, agree to 2-Row Wampum Peace treaty, 1680. [1][2]
1660-64: In 1660, Dutch governor-general
Peter Stuyvesant decides to hold Indian children hostage for the behavior of increasingly angry tribespeople. Hostages sold into
Caribbean plantation slavery.[6]
1660: English
Navigation Act prohibits foreigners from trading with English colonies.[7][8]
May 1660:
Adam Dollard des Ormeaux and about sixty others withstand an attack by over 500 Iroquois at Long Sault. It is traditionally said that the small party fights so well that the Iroquois decide not to attack Montreal.[9][10]
1663: The French Crown takes personal control of Canada from a private company, which becomes a royal province.
Louis XIV's brilliant minister
J. B. Colbert reorganizes
New France directly under royal authority. Administration is divided between a military governor and a more powerful
intendant, both ruling from
Quebec City but under orders from
Paris. The
fur trade is granted to a new
monopoly, the Company of the West Indies.[11][12]
1663: New France has a population of about 3,000.[13][14]
1663:
Laval organizes the Seminaire du Québec, a college of theology which eventually becomes
Université Laval (1852).[15][16]
1664: The British invade and conquer the Dutch at
New Amsterdam, renaming it New York. England gains control of
New Netherland from the Dutch and become allies and trade partners with the Iroquois.[17]
1664: Hans Bernhardt is the first recorded German immigrant.[18][19]
1665-72:
Jean Talon (c.1625-94), the first
intendant of New France, sets out to establish New France as a prosperous, expanding colony rivaling the thriving English colonies to the south. He invites many new settlers, including young women. He also tries to diversify the economy beyond furs and to build trade with
Acadia and the West Indies. Talon is recalled before he can carry out his policies, however.
1665: The
Carignan-Salières Regiment is sent from France to Quebec to deal with the Iroquois. Many of its members stay on as settlers.
1666: The
Carignan-Salières Regiment destroys five Mohawk villages, eventually leading to peace between the Iroquois and the French.
1667: First
census of New France records 668 families, totalling 3,215 non-native inhabitants.
1667:
France,
England and the
Netherlands sign the
Breda Treaty in July and with this England gives Acadia to France.