Rosario Candela (March 7, 1890 – October 3, 1953) was an
Italian Americanarchitect who achieved renown through his apartment building designs in
New York City, primarily during the boom years of the 1920s. He is credited with defining the city's characteristic terraced setbacks and signature penthouses.[2] Over time, Candela's buildings have become some of New York's most coveted addresses. As architectural historian Cristopher Gray has written: "Rosario Candela has replaced
Stanford White as the real estate brokers' name-drop of choice. Nowadays, to own a 10- to 20-room apartment in a Candela-designed building is to accede to architectural as well as social cynosure."[3]
Life
Early life and education
Born in
Montelepre,
Italy in 1890, Candela immigrated to New York in 1906.[4][5] He returned to Italy after his arrival to study there and returned to the US in 1909.[citation needed] His father was Michele Candela, a
plasterer, and his mother was Josephine Pizzurro. He gained admission to the
Columbia University School of Architecture and graduated in 1915.[6] Keenly aware of his talent, he went so far as to erect a
velvet rope around his drafting table to prevent other students from copying his designs.[7]
Career
After graduation, Candela worked briefly as a draftsman for the
Palermo-born
Italian-American architect,
Gaetan Ajello.[6] After another brief stint with the firm of
Frederick Sterner, Candela set up his own practice in 1920. His first major commission was for an apartment house at West 92nd Street and
Broadway.[citation needed] Shortly thereafter, he received his first commission for an East Side apartment at 1105 Park Avenue.[8] During the next five years, Candela designed a number of residential buildings on the Upper West Side, primarily on West End Avenue and Riverside Drive.[8] During this period, the West side was undergoing an intense transformation from an area of primarily single-family homes to one characterized by the apartment buildings.
Candela's greatest work would occur during the latter half of the 1920s, when he designed numerous apartment buildings on the
Upper East Side, primarily on
Fifth Avenue and
Park Avenue, as well as at
Sutton Place and other locations. In 1927 and 1928, Candela designed 19 apartment buildings, including
960 Fifth Avenue (at East 77th Street) and
720 Park Avenue (at East 70th Street).[9] He had more commissions in 1929, but the housing boom had begun to slow prior to the
stock market crash in October. Of 27 designs that year, only 12 were completed. These included
740,
770,
778 and
834 and
1040 Fifth Avenue.[9]
The exteriors of his buildings tended to be understated, particularly in view of some of the more exuberant styles popular during the period.[citation needed] However, he was considered a master of design when it came to the interiors. Many apartments were constructed as duplex residences with grand entry
foyers; curved, freestanding stairways; and dramatic public rooms. Some of the designs, including that of the
John D. Rockefeller Jr. triplex at
740 Park Avenue, were palatial by even the considerable standards of the day. That triplex, of more than 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2), "had, depending on who was counting, anywhere from 23 to 37 rooms, the discrepancy caused by such questions as whether one included hallways and foyers the size of ballrooms, servants quarters, and the fourteen bathrooms".[7]
During the
Great Depression, work fell off dramatically and Candela received only sporadic commissions. While the quantity declined considerably, the quality of his designs rarely suffered. During this time, he expressed his interest in codes and ciphers, publishing two books on the topic.[9] He continued his practice up until his death in 1953.
Chesley Bonestell, first an architect, and later a noted
science fiction illustrator, painted two pictures for him, one of his home and one of his son.[citation needed]
Cryptography
Candela began studying
cryptography in 1930 after learning about the accomplishments of the
Army Signal Corps in
WWI.[10] He decrypted messages originally coded in 1898 by Commandant
Étienne Bazeries of the French Army. Commandant Bazeries was "one of the most brilliant cryptologists of his era,"[11] and developed an encryption method considered unbreakable.[12] Candela wrote a book, The Military
Cipher of Commandant Bazeries, in 1938 detailing how he broke Bazeries' code. Starting in 1941, Candela taught a class on cryptography and
cryptanalytics at
Hunter College in New York. At the time, the course was considered the only one of its kind offered to the public in the United States.[10] When the war came, he worked for the
OSS — the forerunner of the
CIA.[13]
Books by Candela
Candela, Rosario (1938). The Military Cipher of Commandant Bazeries — An Essay in Decrypting. New York: Cardanus Press.
OCLC814084.
Candela, Rosario (1946). Isomorphism and Its Applications in Cryptanalytics. New York: Cardanus Press.
OCLC708605.
^U.S. Immigration Service. List or Manifest of Alien Passengers for the U.S. Immigration Officer at Port of Arrival (Ship Manifest), Immigration Service Form 500 B. S.S. Napolitan Prince sailing from Palermo on November 12, 1906 and arriving in Port of New York on November 27, 1906. American Family Immigration History Center (Ellis Island Archives) posted this manifest online at
www.ellisisland.org.
^U.S. Immigration Service. List or Manifest of Alien Passengers for the U.S. Immigration Officer at Port of Arrival (Ship Manifest), Immigration Service Form 500 B. S.S. Sicilian Prince sailing from Palermo on October 22, 1906 and arriving in Port of New York on November 08, 1906. American Family Immigration History Center (Ellis Island Archives) posted this manifest online at
www.ellisisland.org.
^Alpern, Andrew (2001). The New York Apartment Houses of Rosario Candela and James Carpenter. New York: Acanthus Press.
ISBN0-926494-20-1. OCLC 46385874.
^New York 1930: Architecture Between the Two World Wars, Robert A.M. Stern et al.