Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
Haplogroup L1 Possible time of origin 107,600–174,300 YBP
[1] Possible place of origin
Central Africa Ancestor
L1-6 Descendants L1b, L1c Defining mutations 3666, 7055, 7389, 13789, 14178, 14560
[2]
Projected spatial distribution of haplogroup L1 in Africa.
Haplogroup L1 is a
human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is most common in
Central Africa and
West Africa .
It diverged from
L1-6 at about 140,000 years ago ( 140.6+33.7 −33.0 kya
95% CI ).
[3]
Its emergence is associated with the early
peopling of Africa by anatomically modern humans during the
Eemian , and it is now mostly found in
African pygmies .
Distribution
Haplogroup L1 is found most commonly in
Central Africa and
West Africa . It reaches its highest frequency among the
Mbenga
Pygmies .
It is likely that it was formerly more widespread, and was constrained to its current area as a result of the
Bantu migration (which is largely associated with haplogroup
L2 ).
[4]
Haplogroup L1 has been observed in specimens from the island cemetery in
Kulubnarti ,
Sudan , which date from the
Early Christian period (AD 550–800).
[5]
An ancient
Beaker culture individual at the Camino de las Yeseras in
Spain (San Fernando de Henares, Madrid; [I4245 / RISE695] F) has also been found to carry the L1b1a mitochondrial haplogroup.
[6]
Phylogeny
Interpolation maps for haplogroup L1b and L1c.
L1 has two branches, L1c and L1b (the formerly named haplogroups L1d, L1k, L1a, L1f have been[
year needed ] re-classified into haplogroup L0, as L0d, L0k, L0a, L0f; L1e as L5).
L1c
Haplogroup L1c emerged at about 85 kya. It reaches its highest frequencies in West and Central Africa, notably among the
Mbenga
Pygmy peoples. (
see map ).
[7] Among the Mbenga, it is carried by 100% of
Ba-Kola , 97% of
Ba-Benzélé , and 77% of
Biaka .
[8] Other populations in which L1c is particularly prevalent include the
Bedzan (Tikar) people (100%),
Baka people from
Gabon (97%) and
Cameroon (90%),
[9] the
Bakoya (97%), and the
Ba-Bongo (82%).
[7] Common also in
São Tomé (20%) and
Angola (16–24%).
[10]
Phylogeny:
[2]
L1b
Haplogroup L1b is much more recent, dated at about 10 kya. It is frequent in
West Africa . It has also been found in
Mozambique (1%),
Ethiopia (2%),
Egypt (1%), the
Nile Valley (4%),
Kung (1%),
Cape Verde (8%),
Senegal (17–20%),
Niger /
Nigeria (15%),
Guinea Bissau (11%),
Morocco (4–5%), and
Algeria (1–2%).
[11]
Phylogeny:
[2]
L1b
L1b1
L1b1a
L1b1a1'4
L1b1a2
189
L1b1a5
L1b1a6
L1b1a7
See also
References
^ Soares, Pedro; Luca Ermini; Noel Thomson; Maru Mormina; Teresa Rito; Arne Röhl; Antonio Salas; Stephen Oppenheimer; Vincent Macaulay; Martin B. Richards (4 Jun 2009).
"Supplemental Data Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock" . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 84 (6): 82–93.
doi :
10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001 .
PMC
2694979 .
PMID
19500773 .
^
a
b
c van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008).
"Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation" . Human Mutation . 30 (2): E386–E394.
doi :
10.1002/humu.20921 .
PMID
18853457 .
S2CID
27566749 .
^
"Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material (p. 82)" (PDF) . 2009: 89. Archived from
the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29.
^ Silva, Marina; Alshamali, Farida; Silva, Paula; Carrilho, Carla; Mandlate, Flávio; Jesus Trovoada, Maria; Černý, Viktor; Pereira, Luísa; Soares, Pedro (2015).
"60,000 years of interactions between Central and Eastern Africa documented by major African mitochondrial haplogroup L2" . Sci. Rep . 5 : 12526.
Bibcode :
2015NatSR...512526S .
doi :
10.1038/srep12526 .
PMC
4515592 .
PMID
26211407 .
^ Sirak, Kendra; Frenandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Van Gerven, Dennis; Pinhasi, Ron (2016).
"Abstract Book of the IUAES Inter-Congress 2016 - A community divided? Revealing the community genome(s) of Medieval Kulubnarti using next- generation sequencing" . Abstract Book of the Iuaes Inter-Congress 2016 . IUAES: 115.
^ Iñigo Olalde et al.
The Beaker Phenomenon And The Genomic Transformation Of Northwest Europe , 2017
^
a
b Quintana-Murci; et al. (2008).
"Maternal traces of deep common ancestry and asymmetric gene flow between Pygmy hunter–gatherers and Bantu-speaking farmers" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 (5): 1596–601.
Bibcode :
2008PNAS..105.1596Q .
doi :
10.1073/pnas.0711467105 .
PMC
2234190 .
PMID
18216239 .
^ Sarah A. Tishkoff et al. 2007,
History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195
^ Lluis Quintana-Murci et al. MtDNA diversity in Central Africa: from hunter-gathering to agriculturalism. CNRS-Institut Pasteur, Paris
^ Batini, Chiara et al 2006,
Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial L1c haplogroup: Genetic signatures of the prehistory of Central Africa
^ Rosa, Alexandra; et al. (2004).
"MtDNA profile of West Africa Guineans: towards a better understanding of the Senegambia region" (PDF) . Annals of Human Genetics . 68 (4): 340–52.
doi :
10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00100.x .
hdl :
10400.13/3044 .
PMID
15225159 .
S2CID
15391342 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 .
Notes
External links