Yutu-2 (
Chinese: 玉兔二号;
pinyin: Yùtù Èrhào) is the robotic
lunar rover component of
CNSA'sChang'e 4 mission to the
Moon, launched on 7 December 2018 18:23 UTC, it entered lunar orbit on 12 December 2018 before making the first soft landing on the
far side of the Moon on 3 January 2019. Yutu-2 is currently operational as the longest-lived lunar rover[7] and the first lunar rover traversing the far side of the Moon.
By January 2022, Yutu-2 had travelled a distance of more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) along the Moon's surface.[8][9] Data from its
ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been used by scientists to put together imagery of multiple layers deep beneath the surface of the far side of the Moon.[10]
Overview
The total landing mass is 1,200 kg (2,600 lb).[2] Both the stationary lander and Yutu-2 rover (literally: "
Jade Rabbit") are equipped with a
radioisotope heater unit (RHU) to maintain their subsystems during the long lunar nights,[11] while electrical power is generated by
solar panels.
After landing, the lander extended a ramp to deploy the Yutu-2 rover to the lunar surface.[12] The rover measures 1.5 × 1.0 × 1.0 m (4.9 × 3.3 × 3.3 ft) with a mass of 140 kg (310 lb),[2][3] and is propelled by six wheels. Yutu-2 was manufactured in
Dongguan, Guangdong province.[11] The rover is an improvement of the first
Yutu rover from 2013; while its nominal operating time is three months,[1] Chinese mission engineers hope it will operate for "a few years."[13]
The landing craft touched down at 02:26 UTC on 3 January 2019, becoming the first spacecraft to land on the far side of the Moon, and the rover deployed about 12 hours later.
Science payloads
Panoramic Camera (PCAM), is installed on the rover's mast and can rotate 360°. It has a spectral range of 420 nm–700 nm and it acquires 3D images by binocular stereovision.[14]
Lunar penetrating radar (LPR), is a
ground penetrating radar with a probing depth of approximately 30 m with 30 cm vertical resolution, and more than 100 m with 10 m vertical resolution.[14]
Visible and Near-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (VNIS), for
imaging spectroscopy that can then be used for identification of surface materials and atmospheric trace gases. The spectral range covers visible to near-infrared wavelengths (450 nm – 950 nm).
According to
Wu Yanhua, the deputy director of the project, the cost of the entire mission was "close to building one kilometer of subway", which can vary from 500 million yuan (about 72.6 million U.S. dollars) to 1.2 billion yuan (about 172.4 million dollars).[16]
A few days after landing, Yutu-2 went into hibernation for its first lunar night and it resumed activities on 29 January 2019, with all instruments operating nominally. During its first full lunar day, the rover travelled 120 m (390 ft), and on 11 February 2019 it powered down for its second lunar night.[21][22] In May 2019, it was reported that Chang'e 4 has identified what appear to be mantle rocks on the surface, its primary objective.[23][24][25]
In December 2019, Yutu 2 broke the lunar longevity record, previously held by the Soviet Union's Lunokhod 1 rover,[26] which operated on the lunar surface for eleven lunar days (321 Earth days) and traversed a total distance of 10.54 km (6.55 mi).[27]
In February 2020, Chinese astronomers reported, for the first time, a high-resolution image of a
lunar ejecta sequence, and, as well, direct analysis of its internal architecture. These were based on observations made by the rover's
Lunar Penetrating Radar (LPR).[28][29]
In December 2021, the rover pictured what appeared to be a particularly prominent boulder, dubbed the "Mystery Hut" (神秘小屋), or "Moon Cube",[30][31] which it was intended to explore in the following lunar days (earth months).[32][33] On 7 January 2022, news reported that the rover reached the "Mystery Hut" after traveling for a month, and found it to be "irregularly shaped rock";[34] resembling a rabbit, with a smaller nearby rock like a carrot, making a fitting discovery for the Yutu (Jade Rabbit).[35]
The routing path of the Yutu-2 rover.
Data from its two-channel
ground penetrating radar (GPR) has constructed an image of multiple layers beneath the surface to a depth of 300 meters.[10]
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
Cubesats are smaller. Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).