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Animal clade containing xenoturbellids, acoelomorphs, echinoderms and hemichordates
Xenambulacraria is a proposed clade of
animals with
bilateral symmetry as an embryo, consisting of the
Xenacoelomorpha (i.e.,
Xenoturbella and
acoelomorphs) and the
Ambulacraria (i.e.,
echinoderms and
hemichordates).
[1]
If confirmed, the clade would either be the sister group to the
chordates (if
deuterostomes are
monophyletic) or the sister group to all the other bilaterians, grouped together in
Centroneuralia (with deuterostomes being
paraphyletic).
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Although the validity of the clade relies mostly on
phylogenomics,
molecular genetics studies have proposed
pigment cell clusters expressing
polyketide synthase (PKS) and
sulfotransferase as a
synapomorphy of Xenambulacraria.
[5]
Phylogeny
Xenambulacraria has usually been recovered as a clade inside of either of two distinct phylogenies.
Basal Xenambulacraria
The following phylogeny assumes a paraphyletic
Deuterostomia, with Xenambulacraria at the base of Bilateria.
[4]
Xenambulacraria inside Deuterostomia
The following phylogeny assumes a monophyletic
Deuterostomia, with Xenambulacraria nested inside of it.
Gallery
- Diversity of Xenambulacrarians
-
-
-
Various
Echinodermata from all extant classes.
References
- ^
a
b
c Bourlat, Sarah J.; Juliusdottir, Thorhildur; Lowe, Christopher J.; Freeman, Robert; Aronowicz, Jochanan; Kirschner, Mark; Lander, Eric S.; Thorndyke, Michael; Nakano, Hiroaki; Kohn, Andrea B.; Heyland, Andreas; Moroz, Leonid L.; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2006). "Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida". Nature. 444 (7115): 85–88.
Bibcode:
2006Natur.444...85B.
doi:
10.1038/nature05241.
ISSN
0028-0836.
PMID
17051155.
S2CID
4366885.
-
^ Philippe, Hervé; Poustka, Albert J.; Chiodin, Marta; Hoff, Katharina J.; Dessimoz, Christophe; Tomiczek, Bartlomiej; Schiffer, Philipp H.; Müller, Steven; Domman, Daryl; Horn, Matthias; Kuhl, Heiner; Timmermann, Bernd; Satoh, Noriyuki; Hikosaka-Katayama, Tomoe; Nakano, Hiroaki; Rowe, Matthew L.; Elphick, Maurice R.; Thomas-Chollier, Morgane; Hankeln, Thomas; Mertes, Florian; Wallberg, Andreas; Rast, Jonathan P.; Copley, Richard R.; Martinez, Pedro; Telford, Maximilian J. (2019). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria". Current Biology. 29 (11): 1818–1826.e6.
Bibcode:
2019CBio...29E1818P.
doi:
10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009.
hdl:
21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1.
ISSN
0960-9822.
PMID
31104936.
S2CID
155104811.
-
^ Marlétaz, Ferdinand (2019-06-17).
"Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians". Current Biology. 29 (12): R577–R579.
Bibcode:
2019CBio...29.R577M.
doi:
10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006.
ISSN
0960-9822.
PMID
31211978.
- ^
a
b Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2021-03-19).
"Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria". Science Advances. 7 (12): eabe2741.
Bibcode:
2021SciA....7.2741K.
doi:
10.1126/sciadv.abe2741.
ISSN
2375-2548.
PMC
7978419.
PMID
33741592.
-
^ Robertson, Helen E.; Sebe-Pedros, Arnau; Saudemont, Baptiste; Loe Mie, Yann; Zakrzewski, Ann; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Mailhe, Marie-Pierre; Schiffer, Philipp; Telford, Maximilian J.; Marlow, Heather (2022-08-18). "Single cell atlas of Xenoturbella bocki highlights the limited cell-type complexity of a nonvertebrate deuterostome lineage". bioRxiv.
doi:
10.1101/2022.08.18.504214.
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- Phyla with ≥1000 extant species bolded
- Potentially
dubious phyla †
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