Theophil Franz Xaver Scharwenka (6 January 1850 – 8 December 1924) was a German
pianist,[1]composer and teacher of Polish descent. He was the brother of
Ludwig Philipp Scharwenka (1847–1917), who was also a composer and teacher of music.
Life and career
Scharwenka was born in 1850 in
Samter,
Prussia (Polish:
Szamotuły; until 1793 and since 1919 part of
Poland). His paternal ancestors originally came from
Prague, then moved to
Frankfurt on the Oder in 1696 - probably for reasons of faith - and settled thereafter in Samter.[2] His father, August Wilhelm, was a gifted master-builder but decidedly did not have an ear for music. His mother, née Golisch, was an ethnic Pole from a family of some means, who was musically inclined and early on instilled in her children a love of music. Although he began learning to play the piano by ear when he was 3, Scharwenka did not start formal music studies until he was 15, when his family moved to
Berlin and he enrolled at the Akademie der Tonkunst. Under
Theodor Kullak, his pianistic skills developed rapidly, and he made his debut at the Singakademie in 1869. He taught at the academy until entering military service in 1873. Upon his discharge in 1874, Scharwenka began touring as a concert pianist. Praised for the beauty of his tone, he became a renowned interpreter of the music of
Frédéric Chopin.[3]
In 1881 Scharwenka organized a successful annual series of chamber and solo concerts at the Singakademie in conjunction with Gustav Holländer and Heinrich Grünfeld. That October he founded his own music school in Berlin. In 1886, he conducted the first in a series of orchestral concerts devoted to the music of
Hector Berlioz,
Franz Liszt and
Ludwig van Beethoven while continuing to tour extensively and play his works in collaboration with other artists such as the conductor
Hans Richter and the violinist
Joseph Joachim. This triple role as pianist, composer and educator would occupy Scharwenka for the rest of his career.[4]
In 1891, Scharwenka made his first tour of
America. Deciding to emigrate, he opened a
New York branch of his Scharwenka Music School. In 1893 the Berlin Scharwenka Conservatory was united with the Klindworth Conservatory, and in 1898 he returned
there as Director, from New York. In 1914, with W. Petzet, he opened a School of Music with a piano teachers' seminary attached.[5]
Scharwenka made several recordings for
Columbia Records in 1910 and 1913, including works of his own, as well as pieces by Chopin, Mendelssohn,
Weber and Liszt:[8] his account of Chopin's Fantaisie-Impromptu (Op. posth. 66) is admired. His playing is also preserved on
Welte-Mignon and
Hupfeldpiano rolls, including the Chopin A-flat Waltz, Op 42, and the F minor Fantaisie (Op. 49), his performance of which was famous.[9] Some of his Hupfeld rolls were also converted for the American
Ampicoreproducing piano.
The four piano concertos are substantial works. The first, in B-flat minor, Op. 32,[10] was completed in 1874 and premiered the following year. It was originally written as a solo piano fantasy, but Scharwenka was dissatisfied, and reworked it with orchestra into this form.
Franz Liszt accepted the dedication and performed it in Berlin.[11] Its first recording was made in 1968 with
Earl Wild and the
Boston Symphony Orchestra under
Erich Leinsdorf. Wild had learned the concerto as a boy under
Selmar Janson, who had studied it directly with the composer. When Leinsdorf asked Wild to record the concerto, he was able to say "I've been waiting by the phone for forty years for someone to ask me to play this".[12]
The fourth concerto, in F minor, Op. 82 (1908), was premiered on 18 October 1908 in the Beethovensaal, Berlin, with Scharwenka's student Martha Siebold as the soloist and the composer himself conducting.
Scharwenka's works were neglected for some years after his death; however, his "Polish Dance No. 1" in E-flat minor, Op. 3, No. 1, remained popular. Since the mid-1990s, however, interest in his music has been rekindled, and recordings of most of his works are now commercially available.
3 Piano Pieces, Op. 86: Nocturne, Serenade, Maerchen
Ballade in B Minor, Op. 8
Selected discography
Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat minor, Op. 32 played by
Earl Wild with the
Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by
Erich Leinsdorf. Recorded in 1969. (As LP, RCA Red Seal SB 6815.) CD also contains Paderewski's Piano Concerto and
Balakirev's Fantasia on Themes by
Glinka (Elan Recordings no. 22660).
Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat minor, Op. 32 played by
Marc-André Hamelin with the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra conducted by Michael Stern. Recorded in 2005. CD also contains
Anton Rubinstein's Piano Concerto No. 4 (
Hyperion Records no. 67508).
Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat minor, Op. 32 played by
Seta Tanyel with the Philharmonia Orchestra conducted by Yuri Simonov. CD also contains Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 with the same orchestra conducted by Carlo Rizzi. The recording was made for the now defunct label Collins Classics (No. 12632).
Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor, Op. 56 played by
Michael Ponti with the
Hamburg Symphony Orchestra conducted by Richard Kapp. Issued in 1971 as LP, VOX Candide STGBY 651. Also contains Scherzo Op. 4, Erzählung am Klavier No 2, Op. 5, Novelette Op. 22, No. 1, and Polonaise, Op 42.
Piano Concerto No. 3 in C-sharp minor, Op. 80 played by
Seta Tanyel with the Radio Philharmonie Hannover conducted by
Tadeusz Strugala. Recorded in 1996. CD also contains Piano Concerto No. 2 (Hyperion no. 67365). This recording is a rerelease of a Collins Classics CD.
Piano Concerto No. 4 in F minor, Op. 82 played by
Stephen Hough with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra conducted by Lawrence Foster. Recorded in 1995. CD also contains
Emil von Sauer's Piano Concerto No. 1 (Hyperion no. 66790).
X. Scharwenka, Klänge aus meinem Leben (Koehler, Leipzig 1922). (autobiography).
Xaver Scharwenka, Sounds From My Life: Reminiscences of a Musician (Hardcover) by Xaver Scharwenka (Author), William E. Petig (Translator), Robert S. Feigelson (Introduction) (The Scarecrow Press, Inc.; Har/Com edition (April 28, 2007)).
ISBN978-0-8108-5669-1. (This is the first English translation of the autobiography above. In addition to extensive annotations, the book includes an introduction providing an overview of Scharwenka's life and work, a comprehensive discography, and a CD of representative selections of Scharwenka's musical compositions.)
Rykowski, Mikolaj, Polifonia Zycia- Biografia Franza Xavera Scharwenki (Poznan: AM Verlag 2018),
ISBN978-83-65727-39-8
Suttoni, Charles, ed. Stanley Sadie, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition' (London: Macmilian, 2001), 29 vols.
ISBN0-333-60800-3.