Wuzhiqi ( Chinese: 巫支祁) [a] is a supernatural being in Chinese mythology popularly depicted as a monkey-like aquatic demon and first described in the early 9th century.
Attestations
The earliest description of Wuzhiqi can be found in the early 9th century collection of stories from the Tang dynasty, Guoshi bu (國史補) by Li Zhao, which briefly tells of a fisherman in Chuzhou (楚州) who encounters a monkey demon with a black body and a white head in the Huai River. [2] Wuzhiqi is also described in the Song dynasty anthology Taiping guangji as a "monkey-like demon" residing in the Huai River; it is defeated by Yu the Great and imprisoned under Turtle Mountain (龜山) as part of his effort to control the Great Flood. [3] Wuzhiqi sometimes appears in the form of a woman, and has different names such as Guishan Shuimu and Sizhou Virgin.
Influence
A cast-iron statue depicting Wuzhiqi was gifted to the German artist Hanna Bekker vom Rath and later housed at the Museum of Asian Art in Berlin. Described as the "most intriguing and puzzling gift" to the museum, it was only identified in 2001 by University of Hawaii professor Poul Andersen. [4] Andersen also documented the emergence of Wuzhiqi-inspired cults in northern Anhui. [5]
A popular argument first forwarded by Huang Zhigang offers that the Journey to the West protagonist Sun Wukong was modeled after Wuzhiqi. [5] Anthony C. Yu writes in his unabridged translation of The Journey to the West that Wuzhiqi "has provided many scholars with a prototype of Sun Wukong" and that the author of Journey himself had "certainly" read of Wuzhiqi – in Chapter 66, it is referred to as the "Water Ape Great Sage" (水猿大聖) – but that Wuzhiqi and Sun Wukong are "kept quite distinct" in the novel. [6]
References
Notes
Citations
- ^ Marsone & Lagerwey 2014, p. 536.
- ^ Andersen 2001, p. 16.
- ^ Saso 2004.
- ^ Andersen 2001, p. vi.
- ^ a b Andersen 2001, p. 11.
- ^ Yu 2012, p. 233.
Bibliography
- Andersen, Poul (2001). The Demon Chained Under Turtle Mountain: The History and Mythology of the Chinese River Spirit Wuzhiqi. G+H. ISBN 9783931768553.
- Marsone, Pierre; Lagerwey, John (2014). Modern Chinese Religion I. Brill. ISBN 9789004271647.
- Saso, Michael (Spring 2004). "The Demon Chained under Turtle Mountain: The History and Mythology of the Chinese River Spirit Wuzhiqi (review)". China Review International. 11 (1). University of Hawaii Press: 23–24. doi: 10.1353/cri.2005.0034. S2CID 144928642.
- Yu, Anthony (2012). The Journey to the West. Vol. 3. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226971377.