In 1939 the
Four Wheel Drive Auto Company (FWD), a major manufacturer of
four-wheel transmissions and
heavy-duty trucks based in
Clintonville, Wisconsin, opened a flight department and traded a company truck for a
Wacobiplane for their company's use.[3] In 1944 company executives decided to start an
airline named Wisconsin Central Airlines, and service started between six
Wisconsin cities in 1946. This led the company to buy two
Cessna UC-78 Bobcats, and, soon after, three Lockheed Electra 10As. Certificated flights started with Electras to 19 airports on 25 February 1948; more revenue allowed three more Electra 10As, then six
Douglas DC-3s.
Post-Wisconsin Central history
In
1952 the airline moved their
headquarters from
Wisconsin to
Minneapolis, Minnesota; that December their name became North Central Airlines.[4][5] Soon the airline ran into financial trouble when President Francis Higgins left, making Hal Carr the president. Carr quickly got the company out of
debt and made it more reliable. Over time the company expanded their fleet to 32 DC-3s.
A growing airline
Revenue passenger traffic, in millions of passenger-miles (scheduled flights only)[6]
Year
Pax-Miles
1951
15
1955
67
1960
169
1965
268
1970
778
1975
1029
In October 1952 Wisconsin Central scheduled flights to 28 airports, all west of Lake Michigan, from Chicago to Fargo and Grand Forks. It added Detroit in 1953, Omaha, and the Dakotas in 1959, Denver in 1969, and nonstop flights from Milwaukee to New York LaGuardia in 1970. It added five
Convair 340s from
Continental Airlines to its fleet of DC-3s, the first ones entering service in 1959. In 1960 North Central hit the one million passenger mark; in May 1968, it flew to 64 airports, including two in Canada. Turbine flights with
Convair 580 turboprops began in April 1967.[7] The airline then initiated jet service 160 days later with new
McDonnell Douglas DC-9 series 30 aircraft in September 1967.[8]
Like other local service airlines, North Central was subsidized; in 1962 its "revenue" of $27.2 million included $8.5 million "Pub. serv. rev."[9]
The airline worked with the U.S. government to aid troubled airlines in South America. The first of five
Douglas DC-9-31s entered service in September 1967 and the piston-powered Convair 340s and Convair 440s were all converted to Convair 580s with turboprop engines; the airline also acquired more DC-9s and was operating 29 Convair 580s.[10] The last DC-3 flight was early 1969; NC was the last local service carrier to use it.
In 1969 North Central Airlines moved its headquarters to the south side of
Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport; in 2009 the building was the Building C Maintenance and Administrative Facility of
Northwest Airlines.[11] It is now used by Delta Air Lines after its 2008 merger with Northwest.
The
Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) classified North Central as a "local service carrier," flying to cities in one region and feeding passengers to larger "trunk airlines" that flew nationwide. North Central eventually was allowed a few routes outside the Midwest: to Washington, D.C.-
National, New York-
LaGuardia,
Boston,
Denver, and
Tucson. After deregulation of the airline industry, North Central expanded and began operating
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-50s, its largest jet aircraft type.
Republic kept North Central's hubs at Detroit and Minneapolis, and Southern's hub at Memphis. Within a few years, they closed the former Hughes Airwest hub at
Phoenix and also largely dismantled the Hughes Airwest route network in the western U.S.; they also reduced North Central's sizeable station at
Chicago-O'Hare. Southern's sizeable station was also reduced at
Hartsfield at
Atlanta. Republic also quickly downsized North Central's operations to and among smaller airports in the upper Midwest, concentrating their fleet at the Detroit and Minneapolis hubs.
In
1986, Republic merged with
Northwest Orient Airlines,[18] which was also headquartered at Minneapolis and had a large operation at Detroit, which ended the legacy of Wisconsin Central and North Central. Following the merger, the new airline became
Northwest Airlines (dropping the "Orient"), which
merged into
Delta Air Lines in 2008. Once the
merger was finalized in early 2010, the Northwest Airlines brand fully retired with the Delta Air Lines name surviving as the successor to North Central Airlines.
Codes
When North Central Airlines started operations, the company's ICAO code was "NOR"; this was later changed to "NCA". When ICAO went from three to two characters, North Central became "NC", the same as its IATA code.[citation needed]
Destinations in June 1979
According to its June 8, 1979 system timetable, North Central was operating 130-passenger seat
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-50 and 100-passenger seat
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jets as well as 48-passenger seat
Convair 580 turboprops with service to the following destinations in the U.S. and Canada shortly before the acquisition of and merger with
Southern Airways was completed thus resulting in the formation of
Republic Airlines in July 1979:[19]
June 24, 1968: A North Central Airlines plane clipped a
guy wire on the 2,032-foot (619 m) tower for KELO-TV (
Sioux Falls, South Dakota). The tower in
Rowena was in service less than a year and was completely destroyed. Luckily, the plane landed safely with no injuries.[27]
August 4, 1968: Flight 261, a
Convair CV-580, collided with a
Cessna 150F 11.5 miles (19 km) southwest of
General Mitchell Airport in
Milwaukee[28][29] at 2,700 feet (820 m), as the northbound Convair from
Chicago descended for an approach to the airport's runway 7R. The cabin section of the northwest-bound Cessna embedded itself in the Convair's forward baggage compartment. The Convair lost electrical power and the right engine was shut down due to a damaged propeller; the captain completed a successful emergency landing six minutes later. All three teenagers aboard the Cessna were killed and the first officer on the Convair was injured, but the other three crew and eight passengers were uninjured. Heavy insect debris which had accumulated on the Convair's cockpit windshield during the flight was cited as a contributing factor.[30][31][32][33]
April 23, 1970: Flight 945, a
DC-9 destined for
Sault Ste. Marie Airport, was hijacked shortly after departure from
Pellston Regional Airport. The hijacker demanded to be taken to Detroit. The hijacker was soon taken down, and there were no fatalities.[36]
June 29, 1972: All five aboard (three crew, two passengers)
Flight 290, a Convair CV-580, were killed when it collided with
Air Wisconsin Flight 671, a
de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter, with eight aboard (two crew, six passengers). Both crashed into the north end of
Lake Winnebago, 3 miles (5 km) east of
Neenah, Wisconsin, with no survivors from either plane.[37] The collision occurred at 2,500 feet (760 m) on a mostly clear but hazy late morning as 290, two hours late, approached
Oshkosh from
Green Bay. The Air Wisconsin air taxi flight originated in Chicago and was set to arrive at
Appleton from
Sheboygan; both were operating under
visual flight rules.[38][39][40][41]
December 20, 1972:
Flight 575, a
DC-9-31, was cleared by an air traffic controller for takeoff at
O'Hare in
Chicago, while recently arrived Delta Air Lines Flight 954, a
Convair CV-880, was instructed to taxi across the runway to a holding area. The DC-9 had just started to climb in the heavy fog when it clipped the tail of the CV-880.[42] Ten of the 45 people on board the North Central DC-9 were killed in the resulting collision and crash and 15 were injured; there were two minor injuries on the Delta CV-880.[43]
July 25, 1978: Flight 801 departed the
Kalamazoo airport in
Michigan at 7:00 am EDT in fog. The
Convair 580 struck a bird immediately after lifting off from runway 17 and lost power in its left engine. It flew an additional 79 seconds, banking left, then crash-landed into a cornfield east of the airport. Of the 40 passengers and three crew on board, two passengers and a crewman had serious injuries, but there were no fatalities.[44][45][46][47][48] The
NTSB report attributed the cause of the crash to the captain's failure to follow proper emergency procedures.[49][50]