Some four-winged insect orders, such as the
Lepidoptera, have developed a wide variety of morphological wing coupling mechanisms in the
imago which render these taxa as "functionally dipterous" (effectively two-winged) for efficient
insect flight.[1] All but the most basal forms exhibit this wing coupling.[2]: 4266
The mechanisms are of three different types - jugal, frenulo-retinacular and amplexiform.[3]
Jugal wing coupling
The more primitive groups of moth have an enlarged lobe-like area near the basal posterior margin, i.e. at the base of the forewing, called jugum, that folds under the hindwing in flight.[2][4]: 631–664
Frenulo-retinacular wing coupling
Other groups of moth have a frenulum on the hindwing that hooks under a retinaculum on the forewing.[4] The retinaculum is a hook or tuft on the underside of the forewing of some
moths. Along with the frenulum, a spine at the base of the forward or costal edge of the hindwing, it forms a coupling mechanism for the front and rear wings of the moth.
Amplexiform wing coupling
In the
butterflies[a] and in the
Bombycoidea[b], there is no arrangement of frenulum and retinaculum to couple the wings. Instead, an enlarged humeral area of the hindwing is broadly overlapped by the forewing. Despite the absence of a specific mechanical connection, the wings overlap and operate in phase. The power stroke of the forewing pushes down the hindwing in unison. This type of coupling is a variation of frenate type but where the frenulum and retinaculum are completely lost.[1][5]
Notes
^The male of one species of
hesperiid (skipper) butterfly does have wing couplings.
^The
Sphingidae (hawk moths) however do have wing couplings.
References
^
abDudley, Robert (2002). The biomechanics of insect flight: form, function, evolution (Reprint, illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 476.
ISBN978-0-691-09491-5.
^
abStocks, Ian (2008). "Wing coupling". In Capinera, John L. (ed.).
Encyclopedia of Entomology. Gale virtual reference library. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). Springer Reference. p. 4345.
ISBN978-1-4020-6242-1. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
^
abPowell, Jerry A. (2009). "Lepidoptera". In Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (eds.).
Encyclopedia of Insects (2 (illustrated) ed.). Academic Press. p. 1132.
ISBN978-0-12-374144-8. Retrieved 14 November 2010.