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William Fowler (c. 1560 – 1612) was a Scottish poet or makar (royal bard), writer, courtier and translator.

Early life

William Fowler was the son of Janet Fockart and William Fowler, a well-connected Edinburgh merchant burgess who sold a variety of fine fabrics. [1] He graduated from St Leonard's College, St Andrews in 1578. By 1581 he was in Paris studying civil law. At this time he published An ansvver to the calumnious letter and erroneous propositions of an apostat named M. Io. Hammiltoun a pamphlet criticising John Hamilton and other Catholics in Scotland, who he claimed had driven him from that country. In response, two Scottish Catholics, Hamilton and Hay, manhandled him and dragged him through the streets to the Collège de Navarre.

London and secret correspondence

Following his return to Scotland, he visited London to retrieve some money owed to his father by Mary, Queen of Scots. Here he frequently visited the house of Michel de Castelnau, Sieur de Mauvissiere, where he met Giordano Bruno, currently staying there. He was soon recruited by Francis Walsingham to act as a spy until 1583, by which time he felt his consorting with French Catholics was compromising his religious integrity. Castelnau showed some of Mary's letters to Fowler, and he described them to Walsingham. Fowler also informed on John Mosman, a goldsmith who was carrying Mary's letters. [2]

Fowler's letters to Walsingham mention his widowed mother's concern at his role and intrigues in London and her moneylending activities, and information he obtained in January 1583 from the exiled Scottish Duke of Lennox. [3]

Coded letters mentioning Mary's distrust of Fowler were discovered in the Bibliothèque nationale de France and deciphered in 2023. [4] In May 1583, while William was intriguing in London, his sister Susannah Fowler married John Drummond the king's doorkeeper and son of Robert Drummond of Carnock, their son was the poet William Drummond of Hawthornden.

A Career at Court

In September 1584, he met the German traveller Lupold von Wedel in Edinburgh and told him that he been teaching King James the art of memory. [5] Fowler later noted that while he was teaching James the art of memory, the king taught him poetry and imprese or emblems. [6]

Fowler was part of a literary circle around King James which has become known as the " Castalian Band" and included Alexander Montgomerie, John Stewart of Baldynneis, Alexander Hume, Thomas and Robert Hudson, and James VI himself. In 1591 Fowler contributed a prefatory sonnet To the Only Royal Poet to James VI's poem the Furies, printed in His Majesties Poeticall Exercises; [7] while James, in return, commended, in verse, Fowler's Triumphs of Petrarke.

Fowler dedicated his Triumphs to Jean Fleming, wife of the Chancellor, John Maitland of Thirlestane. Mary Beaton, Lady Boyne the former companion of Mary, Queen of Scots, and "E. D.", probably Elizabeth Douglas, wife of Samuel Cockburn of Temple-Hall, [8] contributed sonnets in praise of the author. Fowler dedicated a translation from Ariosto to Mary Beaton, who was a member of his literary circle. [9] He wrote an epitaph for Elizabeth Douglas, Samuel Cockburn's wife, who died in 1594. [10]

Secretary to the queen

In 1589, he was appointed to the diplomatic mission to Denmark to arrange the marriage of James VI to Anne of Denmark with John Skene. He was a paid negotiator for the city of Edinburgh, charged with raising the profile of the burgh. [11] Fowler wrote from Denmark about the progress of the marriage negotiations to the English ambassador in Scotland William Ashby who forwarded his letter to William Cecil. [12]

King James sailed to Norway to meet his bride. On 28 November 1589, at Oslo, Fowler was appointed private secretary and Master of Requests to Anne of Denmark. He retained these positions when Anne went to England. [13]

Fowler returned to Scotland before James VI, and planned to rejoin the royal party in Denmark in April 1590. [14] The English diplomat in Edinburgh Robert Bowes reported to Burghley and Walsingham that Fowler had obtained two letters in cipher, one to the Earl of Erroll and the other mysteriously addressed to "Assuerus the Painter". Fowler gave the letters to the Provost of Edinburgh, Sir John Arnot to show them to the Privy Council. The Earl of Bothwell said the letters meant nothing to him, Bowes thought they looked like letters he had previously seen which referred to alleged Catholic and Spanish plots. [15]

Fowler left Scotland for a while on 17 September 1591 with the Laird of Buccleuch, and seems to have attended the University of Padua. [16] At this time Giacomo Castelvetro, an Italian writer, served James VI and Anne of Denmark as a language tutor and secretary. He lodged at Janet Fockart's house where the ambassador Robert Bowes stayed, and Eleanor Bowes made friends with his wife, Isotta de Canonici, the widow of Thomas Erastus. [17]

Fowler taught the queen the art of memory, a subject upon which he also wrote a now lost treatise. John Geddie, a calligrapher, was also a secretary to the queen. He drew out a Latin acrostic poem for a manuscript of Fowler's discourse on the history of mathematics titled 'Methodi, sive compendii mathematici'. This work was not printed. [18]

Fowler devised and wrote an account of the entertainments at the baptism of Prince Henry in 1594. [19] At the feast following the baptism at Stirling Castle, a " Moore or Blackamoor" [20] [21] dragged a pageant cart with six ladies holding desserts towards the dais or high table in the great hall. He pretended to pull the stage with draught traces fashioned like gold chains. It was really winched or pushed by hidden workmen. Fowler said the pageant was propelled by "secret convoy". [22] His performance was a last-minute substitute for a lion. [23] Perhaps this actor was the same Afro-Scot as the man in the pageant in the streets of Edinburgh for Anne in May 1590. [24] The women represented Ceres, Fecundity, Faith, Concord, Liberality, and Perseverance. [25]

In April 1595, the queen went to Stirling to see her son Prince Henry. She had joined a factional struggle, and the court at Stirling was filled with her adversaries. Roger Aston wrote that Fowler had stayed behind in Edinburgh for this reason. [26]

In 1598, Fowler agreed to send intelligence from the royal court to England, and was to be known by the cipher 'Ib' in correspondence. George Nicholson mentioned in March that Fowler needed encouragement and reassurance by a letter from the Secretary, Sir Robert Cecil. [27] However, nothing from him or mentioning 'Ib' survives, except perhaps a newsletter of March 1602 that reached Sir Robert Cecil and appears to be in his handwriting. [28]

Shortly after the Union of the Crowns, on 5 April 1603, before joining the king in London, Fowler wrote a note describing the devices or emblems embroidered on a bed belonging to Mary, Queen of Scots, which seems to have been in place in a chamber at Holyrood Palace with matching chairs. The bed was also recorded by his nephew, William Drummond of Hawthornden. [29] On 28 April he wrote to Robert Cecil from Edinburgh, enclosing royal letters (from Anne of Denmark) and offering his service. [30]

England

At the Union of Crowns, Fowler travelled south with Anne of Denmark and met the Earl of Shewsbury at Worksop Manor. Shrewsbury would remain a friend and ally. [31] Fowler was confirmed as secretary and Master of Requests to Anne of Denmark, and joined the council administering her new English jointure lands. [32] He joined the royal progress towards Wilton House in Somerset, and on 12 August visited Loseley Park where a timepiece inspired his poem, Uppon a Horologe of the Clock at Sir George More's at his Place of Loseley. [33]

In September 1603, he met Arbella Stuart at Woodstock Palace, and wrote two sonnets, one addressed to her, and the Upon a Horologe of the Clock at Loseley which contains a partial anagram of her name. [34] Fowler sent the sonnets to the Earl and Countess of Shrewsbury and wrote that Arbella was the "eighth wonder of the world" and "the phoenix of her sex". [35] He wrote to Earl from Winchester on 11 October, with news of the death of Alexander Dicsone. [36] Arbella Stuart advised the Earl of Shrewsbury to send a New Year's Day gift to Anne of Denmark, but not to Fowler, as gift giving could become a "yearly tribute". Arbella forwarded letters from Fowler to the Earl. [37]

On 26 May 1604, Fowler wrote to Lord Cecil apologising for delays in expediting Anna of Denmark's business. [38] He said suits and patents were "in the custody of the women" and he blamed one "Margarete" who usurped authority in the queen's name, perhaps meaning the Scottish servant Margaret Hartsyde. [39] In July, at Greenwich Palace, he drew up the queen's warrant in support of founding a college or university at Ripon in Yorkshire, which was promoted by Cecily Sandys, widow of the Bishop Edwin Sandys, and supported by Bess of Hardwick. Nothing seems to have resulted from this. [40] In October 1604 he wrote to the Earl of Shrewsbury from Hampton Court with court news and news of death of the son of the Earl of Dunbar, who he called "our great St George, the Lord of Berwick." [41]

Fowler wrote to Cecil in February 1605 mentioning their recent meeting at Woodstock Palace. Anne of Denmark had placed in his custody portraits of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria and Isabella Clara Eugenia. They had been gifts to her from the Flemish ambassador, the Count of Arenberg, in September 1603. She was considering giving them to a friend in Scotland. Fowler thought they would be better at Cecil's house, Theobalds. In the mean time the pictures were to be displayed in the gallery at Somerset House. [42] Fowler attended the royal progress in 1605 and was at Drayton, Lord Mordaunt's house in August. [43] Fowler wrote two poems to Mary Middlemore, a lady in waiting in the queen's household, one including her name, "My harte as Aetna burnes, and suffers MORE / Paines in my MIDDLE than ever MARY proved". [44]

The Queen's council and John Donne

The Queen's Council managed the income from her extensive jointure lands and manors in England. [45] Fowler's papers include the draft invitation for the council appointees representing shire manors to come to court. [46] His administrative work with the queen's council and household under the chamberlain Viscount Lisle included checking bills submitted by Robert Henlake, a maker of musical instruments who repaired a wind instrument belonging to Anne of Denmark at Hampton Court in August and September 1607. [47]

His older brother William Fowler, an Edinburgh merchant, died in 1606, and the poet was made a burgess of Edinburgh. [48] In June 1607, the poet John Donne had some hopes of gaining a position in the queen's household by Fowler's means, and heard from a clerk of her council, Daniel Powell, that Fowler might retire. Donne wrote to Henry Goodyer, a gentleman of the king's privy chamber, about his interest in employment in the queen's household in June 1607, fearing that Fowler's retirement might scupper his chances, but no more is known and Fowler did not retire. The rumour of retirement was perhaps connected with death of Fowler's brother in Edinburgh. [49] Fowler returned from Edinburgh in November 1607. [50] The Earl of Shrewsbury supported Fowler at this time, and wrote to the Earl of Salisbury about Fowler's absences in Scotland and his illness from a fever. [51] [52]

Last years and death

He was at court in May 1609 at Greenwich Palace. [53] In 1609 Fowler received a grant of 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) in Ulster as reward for his services to Anne of Denmark. In October 1610 he answered William Trumbull's inquiry about the Scottish Order of the Thistle, an order of knighthood of doubtful history. Fowler believed that there had been an Order, founded to honour Scots who fought for Charles VII of France. He thought it had been discontinued in the time of James V, and could say nothing of its ceremonies or regalia. [54]

He died in 1612 and was buried in St Margaret's, Westminster.

His will mentions a chain of gold of jewels worth £300, and three diamond rings, presents from Anne of Denmark, which he left to his brother John Fowler. The Earl of Shrewsbury owed him £843. The will was witnessed by James Cleghorn, a waiter in the queen's household, and James Gibson, the king's bookbinder. [55]

The green tree and the anagram

At Denmark House, the queen had a green palm tree with a crown and a Latin epigram in gilt letters on the queen's fruitfulness by Fowler based on his anagram of her name; "Anna Brittanorum Regina"—"In anna regnantium arbor". [56] The anagram was printed in Henry Peacham's Minerva Brittana (London, 1612), attributed to Fowler, with an image of an olive tree bearing the initials of Henry, Charles and Elizabeth. [57] The verse on the tree was:

Perpetuo vernans arbor regnantium in Anna,
Fert fructum et frondes, germine laeta vivo. [58]

Fowler's own translation was: [59]

Freshe budding blooming trie,
from ANNA faire which springs,
Growe on blist birth with leaves and fruit,
from branche to branche in kings. [56]

The palm tree was admired and described by John Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar who visited London in 1613. [60] This seems to have been a salt, described in 1620 with other items of the queen's tableware scheduled for sale as; " a salt of gold in pieces, having a clock within crystal, the foot of same being gold triangle wise, the cover thereof being a castle, and out of the same castle a green tree, the flowers being diamonds and rubies in roses, the same clock salt and crystal garnished with gold, diamonds, and rubies, wanting a dial in the same clock". [61]

The figurative image of Anne of Denmark as a fruitful vine, an olive tree with four branches, was used in a speech in parliament made after the Gunpowder Plot by Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley as Lord Chancellor. [62]

Legacy

His nephew William Drummond of Hawthornden bequeathed a manuscript collection of seventy-two sonnets, entitled The Tarantula of Love, and a translation (1587) from the Italian of the Triumphs of Petrarke to the library of the University of Edinburgh. Two other volumes of his manuscript notes, poems and other papers. are preserved among the Drummond of Hawthornden manuscripts held by the National Library of Scotland. Fowler's poetry was featured in the 1803 publication by John Leyden of Scottish Descriptive Poems.

Family

William Fowler's children included;

  • A daughter who married James Ruch.
  • A daughter who married Patrick Stirling.
  • Ludovick Fowler, burgess of Haddington and owner of the Deanery at Restalrig. He married Jean Cathcart in 1622. [63]
  • Anna Fowler. After the death of her husband, a Mr Delille, she lived in Cambridge in 1665 in poverty and sent begging letters to William Sancroft, Dean of St Paul's. [64]

Editions

  • A True Reportarie of the Most Triumphant, and Royal Accomplishment of the Baptisme of the Most Excellent, Right High, and Mightie Prince, Frederik Henry, By the Grace of God, Prince of Scotland. Solemnized the 30 Day of August 1594, Robert Waldegrave, Edinburgh (1594)
  • Henry Meikle, ed., The Works of William Fowler, 3 vols, vol. I 1914, vol. II 1936, vol. III 1940, Scottish Text Society, Edinburgh

References

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article " Fowler, William".
  1. ^ Margaret H. B. Sanderson, Mary Stewart's People (Edinburgh, 1987), p. 91: Michael Pearce, 'Maskerye Claythis for James VI and Anna of Denmark', Medieval English Theatre 43, 2021 (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2022), p. 113.
  2. ^ William K. Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1910), pp. 481 no. 495, 688-689 no. 724.
  3. ^ Calendar of State Papers, Scotland: volume 6: 1581-83 (Edinburgh, 1910), 262-3, 265-6, 480 no. 495.
  4. ^ George Lasry, Norbert Biermann, Satoshi Tomokiyo, 'Deciphering Mary Stuart’s lost letters from 1578-1584', Cryptologia (8 Feb 2023), pp. 57, 70, 72, 79 doi: 10.1080/01611194.2022.2160677
  5. ^ Gottfied von Bülow, 'Journey Through England and Scotland made by Lupold von Wedel in the years 1584 and 1585', in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, vol. 9 (London, 1895), p. 247.
  6. ^ Henry Meikle, Works of William Fowler, vol. 3 (STS, Edinburgh, 1940), p. xix fn. 4.
  7. ^ James VI, His Majesties Poeticall Exercises (Edinburgh, Robert Waldegrave, 1591) (p. 7)
  8. ^ Gordon MacGregor, 'Cockburn of Ormiston', Red Book of Scotland, vol. 3 (2020), pp. 78-9.
  9. ^ Louis Auguste Barbé, In Byways of Scottish History (London, 1912), p. 65
  10. ^ Sebastiaan Verweij, The Literary Culture of Early Modern Scotland (Oxford, 2017), pp. 84-87.
  11. ^ John Marwick, Extracts from the Burgh Records of Edinburgh: 1573-1589 (Edinburgh, 1882), pp. 543-4: Clare McManus, 'Marriage and the Performance of the Romance Quest: Anne of Denmark and the Stirling Baptismal Ceremonies for Prince Henry', in L.A.J.R. Houwen, A.A. MacDonald, S.L. Mapstone, Peeters, A Palace in the Wild: Essays on Vernacular Culture and Humanism in Late-Medieval and Renaissance Scotland (Leuven, 2000), p. 177.
  12. ^ Thomas Wright, Queen Elizabeth and Her Times: A Series of Original Letters, vol. 2 (London, 1838), p. 392, misdated by Wright to 1588.
  13. ^ Allison L. Steenson, The Hawthornden Manuscripts of William Fowler (Routledge, 2021), 36: National Records of Scotland, Privy Seal Register, PS1/66 f78r.
  14. ^ Marguerite Wood, Extracts from the Burgh Records of Edinburgh: 1589-1603, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1927), p. 17.
  15. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 257, 264-5.
  16. ^ Henry Meikle, Works of William Fowler, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1914), pp. xxv, cxxv.
  17. ^ Henry Meikle, Works of William Fowler, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1914), pp. cxxvi, cxxviii, cxxx, citing British Library Harley 7004.
  18. ^ Sebastiaan Verweij, The Literary Culture of Early Modern Scotland (Oxford, 2017), p. 98.
  19. ^ Bath, Michael, 'Rare Shewes, the Stirling Baptism of Prince Henry', in Journal of the Northern Renaissance, no. 4 (2012)
  20. ^ See, 'Mor(e), Moir', Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue
  21. ^ Nandini Das, João Vicente Melo, Haig Z. Smith, Lauren Working, 'Blackamoor/Moor', Keywords of Identity, Race, and Human Mobility in Early Modern England (Amsterdam, 2021), pp. 40-50
  22. ^ Henry Meikle, John Craigie, James Purves, The Works of William Fowler: Secretary to Queen Anne, Wife of James VI, vol. 2 (STS: Edinburgh, 1940), p. 188
  23. ^ Clare McManus, Women on the Renaissance stage: Anna of Denmark and Female Masquing in the Stuart Court, 1590-1619 (Manchester, 2002), pp. 84-5.
  24. ^ Sujata Iyengar, Shades of Difference: Mythologies of Skin Color in Early Modern England (Philadelphia, 2005), p. 83.
  25. ^ Michael Bath, Emblems in Scotland: Motifs and Meanings (Brill, Leiden, 2018), pp. 102-3.
  26. ^ Thomas Birch, Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, vol. 1 (London, 1754), p. 228, as 'Mr William Foulis'.
  27. ^ Allison L. Steenson, The Hawthornden Manuscripts of William Fowler (Routledge, 2021), 165.
  28. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. xvii, xxvii, 151, 164, 169; HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 14 (London, 1923), pp. 211-212.
  29. ^ Michael Bath, Emblems for a Queen (London, 2008), pp. 17-20.
  30. ^ HMC Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury, vol. 15 (London, 1930), pp. 60, 70.
  31. ^ Mary Anne Everett Green, CSP Domestic, 1603–1610 (London, 1857), p. 464, TNA SP 14/37 f.50.
  32. ^ Edmund Lodge, Illustrations of British History, vol. 3 (London, 1791), p. 209.
  33. ^ John Nichols, Progresses of James the First, vol. 1 (London, 1828), pp. 251, 260-1.
  34. ^ The sonnets sent to Arbella are nos 260 & 261 in Meikle's edition, the approximate anagram is in 'BELL ... DISTEMPERED HAPP'.
  35. ^ G. R. Batho., ed., HMC Calendar of Talbot Papers (London, 1971), pp. 229-30, 233, (Lambeth Talbot K. fols. 121, 163): Edmund Lodge, Illustrations of British History, vol. 3 (London, 1838), pp. 16-19, 47-9.
  36. ^ Catherine Jamieson & E. G. W . Bill, Calendar of Shrewsbury Papers, vol. 1 (London, 1966), p. 166 citing Lambeth MS 708 f.139.
  37. ^ Sara Jayne Steen, Letters of Arbella Stuart (Oxford, 1994), 191-2, 208.
  38. ^ Henry Meikle, Works of William Fowler, 3 (Edinburgh: STS, 1940), xxxiv
  39. ^ M. S. Giuseppi, HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 16 (London, 1933), pp. 114-5.
  40. ^ Francis Peck, Desiderata Curiosa, vol. 1 (London, 1779), p. 284.
  41. ^ Edmund Lodge, Illustrations of British History, vol. 3 (London, 1838), pp. 97-99.
  42. ^ Karen Hearn, Dynasties (London, 1995), p. 182: HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 17 (London, 1938), p. 54.
  43. ^ William Shaw, HMC Lord De L'Isle & Dudley, vol. 3 (London, 1936), p. 188.
  44. ^ Sara M. Dunnigan, Eros and Poetry at the Courts of Mary Queen of Scots and James VI (Basingstoke, 2002), p. 208 fn. 6: Alastair Fowler, Literary names: Personal names (Oxford, 2012), p. 84.
  45. ^ HMC Calendar of the Manuscripts of Major-General Lord Sackville, vol. 1 (London, 1940), p. 177.
  46. ^ Allison L. Steenson, The Hawthornden Manuscripts of William Fowler (Routledge, 2021), 151.
  47. ^ Andrew Ashbee, Records of English Court Music, 1603-1625, vol. 4 (1991), p. 200.
  48. ^ Charles Boog Watson, Roll of Edinburgh Burgesses (Edinburgh, 1929), p. 191.
  49. ^ Edmund Gosse, Life and Letters of John Donne, vol. 1 (London, 1899), pp. 155-6
  50. ^ M. S. Giuseppi, Manuscripts of the Marquess of Salisbury, 19 (London: HMSO, 1965), 319, 338.
  51. ^ Allison L. Steenson, The Hawthornden Manuscripts of William Fowler (Routledge, 2021), 166: Alessandra Petrina, Machiavelli in the British Isles (Ashgate, 2009), 85: Calendar State Papers Domestic, 1603–1610 (London, 1857), p. 464, TNA SP 14/37 f.50.
  52. ^ Henry Meikle, Works of William Fowler, 3 (Edinburgh: STS, 1940), xxxii, xxxvi
  53. ^ Allison L. Steenson, The Hawthorden Manuscripts of William Fowler (Routledge, 2021), 94.
  54. ^ E. K. Purnell & A. B. Hinds, HMC Downshire, vol. 2 (London, 1936), pp. xxii-xxiii, 388.
  55. ^ E. Margaret Thompson, 'The Daughter of Anne of Denmark's Secretary', Scottish Historical Review, 19:73 (October 1921), pp. 21-32 at p. 24: TNA PROB 11/122/81.
  56. ^ a b Henry Meikle, Works of William Fowler, vol. 1 (Edinburgh: Scottish Text Society, 1914), p. 315
  57. ^ Minerva Brittana (London, 1612), p. 13
  58. ^ William Brenchley Rye, England as Seen by Foreigners (London, 1865), p. 166
  59. ^ Allison L. Steenson, The Hawthorden Manuscripts of William Fowler (Routledge, 2021), 95, 97.
  60. ^ Alastair Fowler, Literary names: Personal names (Oxford, 2012), p. 84: William Brenchley Rye, England as Seen by Foreigners (London, 1865), p. 166: Alessandra Petrina, Machiavelli in the British Isles (Ashgate, 2009), p. 102.
  61. ^ David Bergeron, Royal Family, Royal Lovers (University of Missouri Press, 1991), p. 66: Thomas Rymer, Foedera, vol. 7 part 3 (Hague, 1739), pp. 130, 132.
  62. ^ Harold Spencer Scott, 'Journal of Roger Wilbraham', Camden Miscellany, 10 (London, 1902), p. 72
  63. ^ Francis Grant, Parish of Holyroodhouse of Canongate: Marriages 1564-1800 (Edinburgh, 1915), p. 621.
  64. ^ E. Margaret Thompson, 'The Daughter of Anne of Denmark's Secretary', Scottish Historical Review, 19:73 (October 1921), pp. 21-32.
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