Phormium colensoi (syn. Phormium cookianum – see below), also called mountain flax, or wharariki in Māori, is a perennial plant that is endemic to
New Zealand.[5] The greenish, yellow or orange flowers are followed by twisted seed pods.[5] It is less common than the other Phormium species, P. tenax or harakeke. Mountain flax is also called whararipi, whatariki, mangaeka, kōrari tuauru (Williams 1971), wauraki (Bell 1890 sic.),[6] coastal flax, hill flax[6] and lesser New Zealand flax.[7]
Description
The leaves are under 2 metres in length while those of P. tenax range from 1 to 3 metres in length.[8] The
scape is much shorter than that of P. tenax, rising up to 2 metres in height while that of P. tenax is around 5 metres in height.[8] The colour of the inner tepals is green while the outer tepals are yellow to red.[8] In contrast the tepals of P. tenax are a dull red, with the tips of the inner tepals being less strongly recurved.[8] The capsules of P. colensoi, unlike those of P. tenax are twisted and pendulous, and may be twice as long (up to 20 cm in length).[8] The numerous seeds in each pod are glossy black, flat and elongated with a frilled margin [9]
Phormium colensoi has two distinct geographic forms, one occurring in lowland parts of the
North Island, and the other in the southern and mountainous areas of the
South Island as well as ranges in the North Island. The lowland form has green or yellow tepals and the mountain form has red tepals.[8] In the
Cook Strait area, both forms and intermediates can be found.[8]
Taxonomy
The species was originally mentioned without description by
William Colenso, the name being given as Phormium forsterianum.[10][11] It was later known as P. colensoi, a name that was listed without description in 1846 by
Joseph Dalton Hooker.[12] The name became better known from J. D. Hooker's 1864 publication in Handbook of the New Zealand Flora.[10] However, previously, in 1848,
Auguste François Le Jolis had described the species under the name P. cookianum,[10][13] and for many years this name was thought to have
priority over Hooker's name P. colensoi. The latter is now regarded as the accepted name by some, based on a brief description of the species in a quotation from J.D. Hooker in an article by Auguste Le Jolis in the Revue Horticole of 1 January 1848.[14][15] Another specimen, believed to be identical to a plant found by
Ronald Gunn at the
Whanganui River[16] in 1864, was described from a plant growing in a garden in
Torquay, England in 1888 and given the name P. hookeri (later reduced to a subspecies under the name P. cookianum subsp. hookeri).[10] This name is also now regarded as a synonym of P. colensoi by some.[17]Phormium cookianum,[18] however, is still the preferred name in Aotearoa New Zealand according to Ngā Tipu Aotearoa[19] and The Flora of New Zealand,[20] as studies of the complex morphological and genetic variation[21][22][23][24] as well as hybridization,[25][26] and hence taxonomy, of the genus are still underway.
Wharariki is a taonga (sacred, treasure) species to Māori and numerous traditional cultivars have been used for various purposes. Refer to Ngā Tipu Whakaoranga [Māōri Plant Use Database] and the citations within[6] and Te Kohinga Harakeke o Aotearoa – National New Zealand Flax Collection.[27]
Wharariki - a variety from
Urewera has a superior fibre quality that may be woven into a soft kete [traditional Māori basket]. It has a slight yellow colouration when dried.[28]
Whakaari - a variety with leaves suitable for weaving kete, but less suitable than other cultivars for
piupiu [Māori waist-to-knees garment made of flax - has a wide waistband and is used in modern times for kapa haka performances].[29] The leaves have strong blades and dry naturally to a deep green colour, or to a pale greenish-fawn after being boiled for a minute.
'Maori Maiden' (also known as 'Rainbow Maiden'), an erect growing cultivar with leaves to 1 metre in length with bronze stripes[33]
'Sundowner', a cultivar with very long leaves which are up to 1.8 metres long. These have a purple centre and cream edges.[33]
'Tricolor',agm[34] an upright cultivar that has leaves with red, yellow and green stripes. The flowers are pale yellowish-green.[33]
There is also a dwarf cultivar, and hybrid cultivars have been selected from crosses with Phormium tenax.[31]P. colensoi cultivars are regarded as less hardy than other Phormium cultivars.[35]
References
^"Taxon: Phormium colensoi Hookf". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden.
Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
^"Phormium cookianum". New Zealand Plant Conservation network. 1 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
^
abcdMoore, Lucy B.; Edgar, Elizabeth.
"P. cookianum". Indigenous Tracheophyta - Monocotyledons except Graminae. Flora of New Zealand (electronic ed.). Landcare Research.
Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
^Earp, Clem (2014). "A correspondence long interrupted: Ronald Gunn re-establishes contact with Joseph Hooker in 1870". Victorian Naturalist. 131 (6): 204–208.
^Smissen, R. D.; Heenan, P. B. (2010). "A taxonomic appraisal of the Chatham Islands flax (Phormium tenax) using morphological and DNA fingerprint data". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (5): 371.
doi:
10.1071/SB10023.
^"AGM Plants - Ornamental"(PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.