Like all the
retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of an en (the letter used for the corresponding
alveolar consonant). It is similar to ⟨ɲ⟩, the letter for the
palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem, and to ⟨ŋ⟩, the letter for the
velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem.
Features
Features of the voiced retroflex nasal:
Its
manner of articulation is
occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also
nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
Its
place of articulation is
retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated
subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is
postalveolar without being
palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be
apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives,
laminal (flat).
Its
phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is a
nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (
nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
It is a
central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its
manner of articulation is
tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
Its
place of articulation is
retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated
subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is
postalveolar without being
palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be
apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives,
laminal (flat).
Its
phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is a
nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (
nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
It is a
central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Eaton, Robert D. (May 2008). Kangri in Context: An Areal Perspective (PhD dissertation). Arlington: University of Texas.
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Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning (ed.), Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300
Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116,
doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell