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Consonantal sound
Voiced postalveolar affricate
IPA Number 104 135
Entity (decimal) d͡ʒ
Unicode (hex) U+0064 U+0361 U+0292
X-SAMPA dZ or d_rZ
Image
The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate , voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of
consonantal sound, used in some
spoken
languages . The sound is transcribed in the
International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ ⟩ ), or in some
broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ ⟩ , and the equivalent
X-SAMPA representation is dZ
. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩ , ⟨ǧ⟩ , ⟨ǯ⟩ , and ⟨dž⟩ . It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in j ump .
Features
Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:
Its
manner of articulation is
sibilant
affricate , which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency
turbulence .
Its
place of articulation is
palato-alveolar , that is, domed (partially
palatalized )
postalveolar , which means it is articulated with the blade of the
tongue behind the
alveolar ridge , and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the
palate .
Its
phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an
oral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a
central consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The
airstream mechanism is
pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
intercostal muscles and
abdominal muscles , as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language
Word
IPA
Meaning
Notes
Abkhaz
аџыр/adžyr
[ad͡ʒər]
'steel'
See
Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe
дж анэ/canä
[d͡ʒaːna]
ⓘ
'dress'
Albanian
xh am
[d͡ʒam]
'glass'
Amharic
እንጀ ራ/înjera
[ɨnd͡ʒəra]
'
injera '
Arabic
Modern Standard
[1]
جَـ رَس/jaras
[d͡ʒaras]
'bell'
In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [
ɡ ] or [
ʒ ] . See
Arabic phonology
Hejazi
جـ ـيب/jēb
[d͡ʒe̞ːb]
'pocket'
Pronounced [
ʒ ] by some speakers. See
Hejazi Arabic phonology
Armenian
Eastern
[2]
ջ ուր/džur
[d͡ʒuɾ]
'water'
Western
ճ անճ /džandža
[d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ]
'
musca (fly) '
Assyrian
ܓ̰ ܝܪܐ ǧ yoro
[d͡ʒjɑɾɑ]
'to pee'
Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in
Urmia and some
Jilu dialects. [
ɟ ] is used in other varieties.
Azerbaijani
c an
[d͡ʒɑn]
'soul'
Bengali
জ ল/jol
[d͡ʒɔl]
'water'
Contrasts with the aspirated form. See
Bengali phonology
Bulgarian
дж удж е/džudže
[d͡ʒʊˈd͡ʒɛ]
'dwarf'
See
Bulgarian phonology
Catalan
jutg e
[ˈʒud͡ʒə]
'judge'
See
Catalan phonology
Chechen
дж ерво / cyervo
[d͡ʒjerwo]
'previously married woman'
Chinese
Quzhou dialect
重 / z on
[d͡ʒõ]
'heavy'
Coptic
ϫ ⲉ
[d͡ʒe]
'that'
Czech
džbán
[d͡ʒbaːn]
'jug'
See
Czech phonology
Dhivehi
ޖަ ރާސީމު /
jaraaseemu
[d͡ʒaraːsiːmu]
'germs'
See
Dhivehi phonology
Dutch
j eans
[d͡ʒiːns]
'jeans'
Some say [ʒiːns]
English
j eans
[ˈd͡ʒiːnz]
'jeans'
See
English phonology
Esperanto
manĝ aĵo
[manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞]
'food'
See
Esperanto phonology
Estonian
dž äss
[ˈd̥ʒæsː]
'jazz'
Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See
Estonian phonology
Finnish
dž onkki
[ˈdʒo̞ŋkːi]
'
junk (ship) '
Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See
Finnish phonology
French
adj onction
[ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃]
'addition'
Rare. See
French phonology
Georgian
[3]
ჯ იბე/džibe
[d͡ʒibɛ]
'pocket'
German
Standard
[4]
Dsch ungel
[ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl]
'jungle'
Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.
[4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/ . See
Standard German phonology
Goemai
[
example needed ]
[d͡ʒaːn]
'twins'
Hebrew
ג׳ וק/džuk
[d͡ʒuk]
'cockroach'
Only used in loanwords. See
Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani
Hindi
जा ना/jānā
[d͡ʒäːnäː]
'to go'
Contrasts with aspirated form. See
Hindustani phonology
Urdu
جـ انا/jana
Hungarian
lándzs a
[laːnd͡ʒɒ]
'spear'
Rare, mostly in loanwords. See
Hungarian phonology
Indonesian
j arak
[ˈd͡ʒaraʔ]
'distance'
Italian
[5]
g emma
[ˈd͡ʒɛmma]
'gem'
[dʒ] occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels [e] , [i] and [ɛ] , while when 'G' is in front of vowels [o] , [a] , [u] and [ɔ] the phoneme changes to a
voiced velar plosive .
Kabyle
lǧ iran
[id͡ʒiræn]
'the neighbors'
Kashubian
[6]
[
example needed ]
Kurdish
Northern
c îger
[d͡ʒiːˈɡɛɾ]
'lung'
See
Kurdish phonology
Central
جـ ـەرگ
[d͡ʒɛɾg]
'liver'
Southern
[d͡ʒæɾg]
Kyrgyz
ж аман / jaman
[d͡ʒaman]
'bad'
See
Kyrgyz phonology
Ladino
djudyó/גﬞודיו
[d͡ʒudˈjo]
'Jew'
Latvian
dadž i
[dad͡ʒi]
'thistles'
See
Latvian phonology
Limburgish
Hasselt dialect
[7]
dj èn
[d͡ʒɛːn²]
'Eugene'
See
Hasselt dialect phonology
Lithuanian
dž iaugsmingas
[d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs]
'gladsome'
See
Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian
џ емпер/džemper
[ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr]
'sweater'
See
Macedonian phonology
Malay
j ahat
[d͡ʒahat]
'evil'
Maltese
ġ abra
[d͡ʒab.ra]
'collection'
Manchu
ᠵ ᡠᠸᡝ/juwe
[d͡ʒuwe]
'two'
Marathi
ज य/joy
[d͡ʒəj]
'victory'
Contrasts with the aspirated form. Allophone
[dʑ] and
[d̪z] . See
Marathi phonology
Occitan
Languedocien
j ove
[ˈd͡ʒuβe]
'young'
See
Occitan phonology
Provençal
[ˈd͡ʒuve]
Odia
ଜ ମି /jami
[d͡ʒɔmi]
'land'
Contrasts with aspirated form.See
Odia phonology
Ojibwe
ᐄᒋ ᑭᐌᐦ / iic ikiwee
[iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ]
'brother'
See
Ojibwe phonology
Pashto
جـ ـګ
[d͡ʒeɡ]
'high'
Persian
کـجـ ا
[kod͡ʒɒ]
'where'
See
Persian phonology
Polish
Standard
licz ba
[ˈlid͡ʐ.ba]
'number'
Gmina Istebna
dzi wny
[ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ]
'strange'
/ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal
voiced retroflex affricate .
Lubawa dialect
[8]
Malbork dialect
[8]
Ostróda dialect
[8]
Warmia dialect
[8]
Portuguese
Most
Brazilian dialects
[9]
grand e
[ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒ(i)]
'big'
Allophone of /
d / before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g.
epenthesis ), marginal sound otherwise.
Most dialects
j ambalaya
[d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ]
'
jambalaya '
In free variation with /
ʒ / in a few recent loanwords. See
Portuguese phonology
Romanian
g er
[ˈd͡ʒɛ̝r]
'frost'
See
Romanian phonology
Sardinian
Campidanese
g éneru
[ˈd͡ʒɛneru]
'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic
D ia
[d͡ʒia]
'God'
See
Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian
Some speakers
џ ем /
dž em
[d͡ʒê̞m]
'jam'
May be
laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See
Serbo-Croatian phonology
Bosnian
ђ аво / đ avo
[d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː]
'devil'
Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/ , either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [
ɖ͡ʐ ] .
Croatian
Silesian
Gmina Istebna
[10]
[
example needed ]
These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ] .
Jablunkov
[10]
[
example needed ]
Slovene
enač ba
[eˈnáːd͡ʒbà]
'equation'
Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before voiced obstruents in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See
Slovene phonology
Somali
j oog
[d͡ʒoːɡ]
'stop'
See
Somali phonology
Tagalog
diy an
[d͡ʒän]
'there'
Used to pronounce the multigraphs ⟨dy⟩ and ⟨diy⟩ in native words and ⟨j⟩ in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see
Tagalog phonology .
Turkish
ac ı
[äˈd͡ʒɯ]
'pain'
See
Turkish phonology
Turkmen
j ar
[d͡ʒär]
'ravine'
Tyap
j em
[d͡ʒem]
'hippopotamus'
Ubykh
[amd͡ʒan]
'?'
See
Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian
дж ерело/džerelo
[d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ]
'source'
See
Ukrainian phonology
Uyghur
j oza /
جوزا
[d͡ʒozɑ]
'desk'
See
Uyghur phonology
Uzbek
j ahon /
ж аҳон
[d͡ʒaˈhɒn]
'world'
West Frisian
siedzj e
[ˈʃɪd͡ʒə]
'to sow'
See
West Frisian phonology
Yiddish
דזש וכע
[d͡ʒʊxə]
'insect'
See
Yiddish phonology
Zapotec
Tilquiapan
[12]
dx an
[d͡ʒaŋ]
'god'
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Features
Its
manner of articulation is
affricate , which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its
place of articulation is
postalveolar , which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Its
phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an
oral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a
central consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The
airstream mechanism is
pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
intercostal muscles and
abdominal muscles , as in most sounds.
Occurrence
See also
Notes
References
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doi :
10.1017/S0025100304001756
Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012],
Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press,
ISBN
978-1-316-63926-9
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Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge,
ISBN
9781444183092
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Ukrainian , Lincom Europa,
ISBN
9783929075083
Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski , Wrocław:
wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie ,
ISBN
83-7384-063-X
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ISBN
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Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag,
ISBN
978-3-411-04066-7
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008),
"Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF) , Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 38 (1): 107–114,
doi :
10.1017/S0025100308003344
Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 36 (1): 117–124,
doi :
10.1017/S0025100306002428
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 34 (1): 117–121,
doi :
10.1017/S0025100304001628
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),
"Standard Georgian" (PDF) , Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 36 (2): 255–264,
doi :
10.1017/S0025100306002659
Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic , New York: Oxford University Press
Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman,
ISBN
9781405881180
External links
IPA topics
IPA Special topics Encodings