Vocal music is a type of
singing performed by one or more singers, either with
instrumental accompaniment, or without instrumental
accompaniment (
a cappella), in which singing provides the main focus of the piece. Music which employs singing but does not feature it prominently is generally considered to be
instrumental music (e.g. the wordless
women's choir in the final movement of
Holst's symphonic work The Planets) as is music without singing. Music without any non-vocal instrumental accompaniment is referred to as a cappella.[1]
Vocal music typically features sung words called
lyrics, although there are notable examples of vocal music that are performed using non-linguistic syllables, sounds, or noises, sometimes as musical
onomatopoeia, such as jazz
scat singing. A short piece of vocal music with lyrics is broadly termed a song, although in different styles of music, it may be called an
aria or
hymn.
Vocal music often has a sequence of sustained pitches that rise and fall, creating a
melody, but some vocal styles use less distinct pitches, such as
chants or a rhythmic speech-like delivery, such as
rapping. As well, there are extended vocal techniques that may be used, such as screaming, growling,
throat singing, or yodelling. Vocal music is probably the oldest form of music, since it does not require any instrument besides the
human voice. All musical cultures have some variation of vocal music.
Indian classical music is based on a rich vocal tradition, wherein even instruments are evaluated on their ability to follow the human voice, imitate it, or recreate the same expressions.
Elaborate untexted vocal improvisation was and still is an important element in
Turkish and
Middle Eastern music traditions. Such music existed prior to the 13th century and the
First Crusade into Palestine and the city of
Jerusalem, possibly even before the year 900.
The modern descendants of the ancient
Kung tribes and clans of Southern Africa utilize similar traditional music techniques.
A form of improvisation known as
thillana is a very important feature of
Carnatic music from South India.
Tuvanthroat singing often features wordless and improvised song. The
sygyt technique is a particularly good example of this.
Hasidic Jews use a form of voice improvisation called
nigunim. This consists of wordless tunes vocalized with sounds such as "Bim-bim-bam" or "Ai-yai-yai!" often accompanied by rhythmic clapping and drumming on the table.
Puirt a beul, also known as "Mouth Music", is a Scottish vocal technique imitating the sounds of bagpipes, fiddles, and other instruments used in traditional Scottish music. It was popularized in North America by
Scottish immigrants, and has been incorporated into many forms of American music from
roots music to
bluegrass.
Solfege, a vocalized musical
scale, assigns various syllables such as "Do-Re-Mi" to each note. A variety of similar tools are found in
traditional
Indian music, and
scat singing of jazz.
Jazz and popular music
Hip hop music has a very distinct form of vocal percussion known as
beatboxing. It involves creating beats, rhythms, and
scratching.
The singer of the Icelandic group
Sigur Rós,
Jón Þór Birgisson, often uses vocals without words, as does Icelandic singer/songwriter,
Björk. Her album
Medúlla is composed entirely of processed and acoustic vocal music, including
beatboxing,
choral arrangements, and
throat singing.
Singer
Bobby McFerrin has recorded a number of albums using only his voice and body, sometimes consisting of a texted melody supported by untexted vocalizations.
Daniel Gildenlöw: A1 – A5. Top range may be heard on songs such as "Dea Pecuniae", "A Trace of Blood" or "This Heart of Mine"; for low range, "Imago", "Of Dust" and "Beyond the Pale" are good examples.
Elvis Presley: B1 – A5. Elvis' B1 may be heard on the song "Such a Night", and on "Mystery Train" an A5 is reached towards the end. Towards his later career, he developed a rich baritone voice which still mastered the higher register with immense power, such as on "American Trilogy", "
Unchained Melody" or the joking "Little Darlin'".[8]
Maria Callas: F♯3 – F6.[15][16][17] In his review of Callas's June 11, 1951 concert in
Florence, music critic Rock Ferris of Musical Courier said, "Her high E's and F's are taken full voice."[18] In a 1969 French television interview with Pierre Desgraupes on the program L'invité du dimanche,
La Scala's
maestroFrancesco Siciliani speaks of Callas's voice going to high F.[17]
Mariah Carey: F♯2 – F♯8. Carey has hit an F♯2 while singing "You and I" live and an F♯8 while swimming with a dolphin, making her vocal range exactly six octaves and one of the biggest in popular music history.
Yma Sumac: her range was said to be "well over four octaves"[20] and was sometimes claimed to span even five octaves at her peak. From B2 to C♯7[21][22]
^Clarke Fountain, "Yma Sumac: Hollywood's Inca Princess (review). Allmovie, reproduced in the New York Times. 1992.
[1]
^David Richards, "The Trill of a Lifetime; Exotic Singer Yma Sumac Meets a New Wave of Fans." The Washington Post, March 2, 1987, STYLE; PAGE B1. Accessed August 6, 2006, via Lexis Nexis,
[2]