User:Muqman_52/the_elements_in_1 References

Helium, ₂He
Helium
Pronunciation	/ˈhiːliəm/ ( HEE-lee-əm)
Appearance	colorless gas, exhibiting a gray, cloudy glow (or reddish-orange if an especially high voltage is used) when placed in an electric field
Standard atomic weight Ar°(He)
	4.002602±0.000002; 4.0026±0.0001 ( abridged);
Helium in the periodic table
	hydrogen ← helium → lithium
Atomic number (Z)	2
Group	group 18 (noble gases)
Period	period 1
Block	s-block
Electron configuration	1s2
Electrons per shell	2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	gas
Boiling point	4.222 K (−268.928 °C, −452.070 °F)
Density (at STP)	0.1786 g/L
when liquid (at b.p.)	0.125 g/cm3
Triple point	2.177 K, 5.043 kPa
Critical point	5.1953 K, 0.22746 MPa
Heat of fusion	0.0138 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	0.0829 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	20.78 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	0
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: no data
Ionization energies	1st: 2372.3 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 5250.5 kJ/mol ; ;
Covalent radius	28 pm
Van der Waals radius	140 pm
	Spectral lines of helium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Thermal conductivity	0.1513 W/(m⋅K)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−1.88×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Speed of sound	972 m/s
CAS Number	7440-59-7
History
Naming	after Helios, Greek god of the Sun
Discovery	Norman Lockyer (1868)
First isolation	William Ramsay, Per Teodor Cleve, Abraham Langlet (1895)
Isotopes of helium v; e;
	Category: Helium; view; talk; ; \| references

Hydrogen, ₁H
	Purple glow in its plasma state
Hydrogen
Appearance	Colorless gas
Standard atomic weight Ar°(H)
	1.00784, 1.00811; 1.0080±0.0002 ( abridged);
Hydrogen in the periodic table
	(none) ← hydrogen → helium
Atomic number (Z)	1
Group	group 1: hydrogen and alkali metals
Period	period 1
Block	s-block
Electron configuration	1s1
Electrons per shell	1
Physical properties
Phase at STP	gas
Melting point	(H2) 13.99 K (−259.16 °C, −434.49 °F)
Boiling point	(H2) 20.271 K (−252.879 °C, −423.182 °F)
Density (at STP)	0.08988 g/L
when liquid (at m.p.)	0.07 g/cm3 (solid: 0.0763 g/cm3)
when liquid (at b.p.)	0.07099 g/cm3
Triple point	13.8033 K, 7.041 kPa
Critical point	32.938 K, 1.2858 MPa
Heat of fusion	(H2) 0.117 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	(H2) 0.904 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	(H2) 28.836 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−1, 0, +1 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.20
Ionization energies	1st: 1312.0 kJ/mol ; ;
Covalent radius	31±5 pm
Van der Waals radius	120 pm
	Spectral lines of hydrogen
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	hexagonal ( hP4)
Lattice constants	a = 378.97 pm; c = 618.31 pm (at triple point)
Thermal conductivity	0.1805 W/(m⋅K)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−3.98×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Speed of sound	1310 m/s (gas, 27 °C)
CAS Number	12385-13-6 ; 1333-74-0 (H2)
History
Discovery	Henry Cavendish (1766)
Named by	Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau; Antoine Lavoisier (1787)
Isotopes of hydrogen v; e;
	Category: Hydrogen; view; talk; ; \| references

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^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Hydrogen". CIAAW. 2009.
^ ^a ^b Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi: 10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0123526519.
^ Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6.
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
^ "Hydrogen". Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry. Wylie-Interscience. 2005. pp. 797–799. ISBN 978-0-471-61525-5.
^ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 183–191. ISBN 978-0-19-850341-5.
^ Miśkowiec, Paweł (April 2023). "Name game: The naming history of the chemical elements—part 1—from antiquity till the end of 18th century". Foundations of Chemistry. 25 (1): 29–51. doi: 10.1007/s10698-022-09448-5.
^ Stwertka, Albert (1996). A Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 16–21. ISBN 978-0-19-508083-4.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Helium". CIAAW. 1983.
^ Shuen-Chen Hwang, Robert D. Lein, Daniel A. Morgan (2005). "Noble Gases". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01.
^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Hydrogen". CIAAW. 2009.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi: 10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[3] Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0123526519.

[Arblaster_2018-4] Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[5] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6.

[6] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.

[Nostrand-7] "Hydrogen". Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry. Wylie-Interscience. 2005. pp. 797–799. ISBN 978-0-471-61525-5.

[nbb-8] Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 183–191. ISBN 978-0-19-850341-5.

[9] Miśkowiec, Paweł (April 2023). "Name game: The naming history of the chemical elements—part 1—from antiquity till the end of 18th century". Foundations of Chemistry. 25 (1): 29–51. doi: 10.1007/s10698-022-09448-5.

[Stwertka-10] Stwertka, Albert (1996). A Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 16–21. ISBN 978-0-19-508083-4.

[11] "Standard Atomic Weights: Helium". CIAAW. 1983.

[12] Shuen-Chen Hwang, Robert D. Lein, Daniel A. Morgan (2005). "Noble Gases". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01.

[13] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[14] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-15] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

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