From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

DavidAnstiss/Rosa roxburghii
Close-up of Rosa roxburghii flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Rosales
Family:
Rosaceae
Genus:
Rosa
Species:
Rosa roxburghii
Binomial name
Rosa roxburghii
Synonyms
  • Juzepczukia microphylla (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Chrshan.
  • Juzepczukia roxburghii (Tratt.) Chrshan. (Unresolved)
  • Platyrhodon macrophyllum (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Hurst (Spelling variant)
  • Platyrhodon microphyllum (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Hurst
  • Rosa centifolia Lour.
  • Rosa microphylla Roxb. ex Lindl.
  • Rosa microphylla var. glabra Regel
  • Rosa roxbourgii Tratt. (Spelling variant)
  • Rosa roxburghii var. plena Rehder
  • Rosa roxburghii f. roxburghii (none known)
  • Saintpierrea microphylla (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Germ.

[1]

Rosa roxburghii, (commonly known as the 'sweet chestnut rose', 'chestnut rose', 'burr rose' or 'Chinquapin Rose'), is a member of the genus Rosa and classified in the subgenus Platyrhodon, it is native to China and Japan. It is a variable climbing wild rose species native to China and Japan. It has (need short description later) It is found in mountain forests, on the banks of streams and on slopes between 500 and 1500 meters above sea level.

Three forms have been recognized: Rosa roxburghii f. roxburghii, which has double or semi-double, reddish or pink flowers 5–6 cm in diam., and Rosa roxburghii f. normalis Rehder & E. H. Wilson (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 2: 318. 1915), which has simple, pink flowers 4–6 cm in diam. Rosa roxburghii f. hirtula (Regel) Rehder and Wilson), flowers single, pale pink or lilac-pink from Japan.

This rose was dedicated to William Roxburgh, a Scottish physician and botanist who was director of the Calcutta Botanical Garden.

It owes its vernacular name of "chestnut rose" to its fruit covered with quills like a chestnut. It is used as an ornamental garden plant, food source (edible fruit) and has medicinal uses (in folklore) and in current modern science.


Description

close up of Rosa roxburghii stamen and

Shrubs diffuse, 1–2.5 m tall. Bark gray-brown; branchlets ascending-spreading, purple-brown, terete; prickles paired at nodes, mostly straight, to 5 mm, somewhat flat, abruptly narrowing to broad base. Leaves including petiole 5–11 cm; stipules mostly adnate to petiole, free parts subulate, margin glandular-pubescent; rachis and petioles with scattered small prickles; leaflets 9–15, elliptic or oblong, rarely obovate, 1–2 × 0.6–1.2 cm, glabrous, abaxially with prominent veins, conspicuously reticulate, base broadly cuneate, margin acutely simply serrulate, apex acute or rounded-obtuse. Flowers solitary, or 2 or 3 and fasciculate apically on branches, 4–6 cm in diam.; pedicel short; bracts 2 or 3, small, margin glandular-pubescent. Hypanthium depressed-globose, densely bristly. Sepals 5, usually broadly ovate, abaxially densely prickly, adaxially tomentose, pinnately lobed, apex acuminate. Petals 5, slightly fragrant, pink to rose-purple or reddish, obovate. Carpels on projected torus at base of hypanthium; styles free, not exserted, shorter than stamens, pubescent. Hip green-red, depressed-globose, 1.5–2 cm in diam., densely prickly, with persistent, erect sepals. Fl. Mar–Jul, fr. Aug–Oct. [2]

Rosa roxburghii 'Normalis', the wild type, has leaves with 7 to 15 leaflets 1 to 2 cm long, and large single white flowers. Stalks, calyxes and even fruits are covered with spines. Rosa roxburghii Plena with double flowers was found in gardens in China Rosa roxburghii 'Hirtula' on the back of hairy leaves

Genus: Rosa This species produces single medium pink blossoms with decorative indents at the tips of the petals. It blooms in spring, followed by hips that age to brown. In the winter, its bark peels in shades of brown and beige. It grows 6 to 10 feet high and 6 feet wide. [3]

It is pink, very full flowered rose with sweet but light fragrance. Once the flowers open from mossy looking buds, they are followed by bristly hips that resemble chestnut burrs. The stems and leaves are also different from those of most other roses. This is an unusual specimen plant that does well in zones 6-9. it repeat blooms off and on throughout the season and grows to 5-7 ft tall. [4]

flowers double, pink darker in the centre, [5]

f normalis r wilson spreading shrub with rather stiff stems to 5m or more, with peeling grey or pale brown bark, bearing few straight hooked prickles in pairs at the nodes, stipules narrow, united leaves deciduous 5-10 cm, leaflets usually 9-15 (rarely 7 or 17-19) narrowly ovate to obovate. 1-2. on 5cm acute or obtuse, hairless both sides, margins with simple teeth, bracts falling early, receptacle prickly, flowers usually solitary, single fragrant 5-7.5cm across, sepals with lateral lobes, downy and prickly on the back, erect and persistent in fruit, petals mid-pink to deep pink, styles free, not protruding, fruit flattened-spherical, yellow-green 3-4 cm, prickly s china japan h4 summer [5]

r r f normalis - unusual chines rose easily recognized by its numerous small leaflets and its hips, which are covered with green spines and topped by large, leafy sepals. The flowers are large and in various shades of pink in the wild form, or very double in an ancient cultivated chinese form. Eventually it makes a small rugged tree with attractive reddish-brown, peeling bark. The twigs have very few thorns, the leaves have nine to 19 leaflets. [6]

Bloom: Rose-pink to blush. 5 petals. Single (4-8 petals) bloom form. Once-blooming spring or summer. Habit: Height of 6' (185 cm). Width of 6' (185 cm). [7]Produces decorative hips. [7]

5 petals medium pink height 36 June The chestnut rose or Burr Rose Mossy buds open into lightly fragrant flowers up to 3 inches (7.5cm) across Pale brown bark on prickly came contrasts to many leaflet leaves. Unusual, prickly, orange yellow hips up to 1.5 (4cm) across. [8]

It is an unusual variety, bearing solitary, single, three inch flowers; the stalks and calyces being covered with prickles. The flowers are pale pink, fading to almost white, each with a mass of golden stamens. They are followed by large, round, yellow-green hips covered with bristles – hence the name ‘the Chestnut Rose’. It forms a vigorous shrub with stiff, angular branches and attractive flaking bark, giving an unusual effect. The long leaves are divided into up to fifteen, evenly arranged leaflets. Below each leaf is a pair of strong, hooked thorns. In cultivation prior to 1814. 7 x 7 ft. [9]

Family: Rosaceae Flowering period: Late spring Eventual Height: 2.5m Eventual Spread: 2m Rosa roxburghii is a deciduous shrub with a clump forming habit. Its dark green leaves are odd pinnate, up to 11 cm long with up to 15 leaflets. Its leaflets are elliptic with serrate margins, up to 2 cm long and 1 cm broad. Its stems are thorny and cinnamon colored bark peels in shades of beige and brown. Its fragrant pink flowers are single, contain five petals, are up to 6 cm across. Its fruit are large thorny green/ yellow hips. [10]

roxburgh rose, like no other shrub rose with peeling, grey-tan bark that adds year round interest, and clear light lavender-pink flowers that open in early summer.fruits of both are reddish, 4cm across, and very prickly but adds interest in the autumn. [11]

Deciduous Shrub Height:120 cm (4 feet) Flowering: June [12]

r r 'normalis' page 59, bloom pink, bloom size 3, height 15 ft, flaky ornamental bark, single clear pink blooms, early each season, [13]

Height: 36-48 in. (90-120 cm) - 4-6 ft. (1.2-1.8 m) Bloom Color: Medium pink (mp) Bloom Shape: Double Flower Fragrance: Very Fragrant Bloom Time: Late Spring/Early Summer [14]

lightly fragrant shrub rose foliage is delicately divided and the flower buds and hips bear numerous bristles, resembling horse chestnut fruits [15]

Rosa roxburghii is a deciduous Shrub growing to 1.2 m (4ft) by 1.2 m (4ft in). It is in flower in June, and the seeds ripen in August. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees. [16]

Two forms may be recognized: f. roxburghii, which has double or semi-double, reddish or pink flowers 5–6 cm in diam., and f. normalis Rehder & E. H. Wilson (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 2: 318. 1915), which has simple, pink flowers 4–6 cm in diam. The specific epithet was spelled “roxbourgii” in the protologue. [2]

The flowers have a fruity perfume . [17] The mature fruits smell like ripe pineapples .Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

a thorny plant rich in vitamin C [18]

fruit yellow-green and prickly [5] r r flowers double pink, darker in the centre, originally introduced from chinese gardens, rarely grown [5]

burr rose, chestnut rose, ch compact, bushy species rose with flaky bark and narrow, light to mid-green leaves, often up to 7-11 leaflets, h and s 2m (6ft) produces solitary rosette-shaped, double lilac-pink flowers, 8 cm across, from summer to late autumn, followed by very prickly hips which remain green until they fall of in late summer h6 [19]

Bloom Time Spring Flower Color Pink [3]

Rosa roxburghii, single pale-pink flowers followed by decorative hips (5m x 5m); [20]

which puts it at the top of everyone's list and The plants reach close to 7 feet tall with an equal spread, [21]

Stems are very thorny [14] Sets hips [14]

Taxonomy

R. roxburghii is also known commonly as the the 'Sweet Chestnut Rose', the 'Chestnut Rose', [22] [8] the 'Burr Rose', and the 'Chinquapin Rose'. [4] [23] [21]

It gets its common name 'Chestnut Rose' from the large burred hips that look like chestnuts. [13]

It is written as 缫丝花 in Chinese script and known as sao si hua in China, [2] or 'pindsvinrose' in Danish and 'fylld igelkottsros' in Swedish. [24] [25]

It is pronounced as ROE-sah roks-BURG-ee-eye. [3] [14] or 'ROW-suh rocks-BURG-ee-eye'. [8]

It was originally found in china in the early 1800s, where it had been growing for generations, [4] [5] [21] and it is rarely grown in European gardens. [5] It was introduced to the botanic garden in Calcutta around 1824.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). [26] and Trattinick published this name change in 'Rosacearum monographia' on page 233 in 1823. [1] [24] [27] Rosacearum monographia (or The 'Monograph of the Rose Family') covered generic and species descriptions of plants in the rose family, although it was not illustrated. [28]

The specific epithet was spelled “roxbourgii” in the protologue, [2] but roxburghii is more commonly used. [29] [30]

The etymological root of the binomial name Rosa is from the ancient Latin name for the rose. The Latin specific epithet of Roxburghii was named after John Roxburgh (1770s–1820s), an occasional overseer of Calcutta Botanic Garden. [10]

It was verified as Rosa roxburghii by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 15 February 1996, [24] and is listed as Rosa roxburghii in the Encyclopedia of Life. [30]

Rosa roxburghii f. normalis is an accepted name by the RHS and listed in the RHS Plant Finder book. [31]

It is still often sold under name 'rosa roxburghii 'plena'. [15] [32] [33] Advertised as a medium pink double form. [21] Also a deeper pink version is available from nurseries. [13]

It belongs to the section 'Microphyllae' which also includes the Japanese species, r. hirtula. [6]

After gene sequencing was carried out it was found that R. roxburghii is closely related to Rosa odorata var. gigantea. [34]

This species was first described from a double-flowered form, so the typical species (which is single-flowered) is called R. roxburghii f. normalis. [35]

Varieties

There are two common Infraspecific forms:

  • Rosa roxburghii f. normalis Rehder & E.H. Wilson, was originally discovered by Carl Johann Maximowicz in Japan and then specimens where then also found in China in 1908 by E.H. Wilson. [5] [7] It was then published by Rehder & E.H.Wilson in 'Plantae wilsonianae' Vol. 1911 on page 318 in 1915. It has the synonym Rosa microphylla Pamp. [7] [36]

It has single, [37] [23] [35] fragrant, mid-pink to deep pink flowers, 4–7.5 cm (2–3 in) in diameter that bloom in the summer. [2] The blooms are on rather sturdy stems with peeling grey or pale brown bark which are up to 5m or more long. The stem have a few straight hooked prickles located in pairs at the nodes. It has usually 9-15 deciduous leaflets, which are narrowly ovate to obovate shaped and 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long. They are hairless on both sides. It has flattened spherical, yellow-green 3-4 cm long, prickly fruit. [5] It is hardy in USDA zones 7-9. [11] It is diploid (2 cell) species used for rose breeding, [38] and is listed in the RHS Plant Finder and is an accepted name by the RHS. [39] Sometimes just called Rosa roxburghii normalis. [13]

Rosa roxburghii f. roxburghii from Japan
  • Rosa roxburghii f. roxburghii, from west China, [40] it has double or semi-double flowers, [23] pink to reddish, 5–6 cm (2–2 in) in diameter, [2] has prickly buds, blooms between spring and summer, bush grows up to 6ft tall and has only a few fruits, [11] that are 1–1.5 in (25–38 mm) long and depressed globose shaped. [23] It was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2017 and is an RHS Accepted name. [40] It is a vigorous shrub and hardy in USDA zones 6-9. [11]
Rosa hirtula in the Hakone Botanical Garden of Wetlands, Kanagawa pref., Japan
Rosa hirtula

Another form is also mentioned in some places. Rosa roxburghii f. hirtula ( Regel) Rehder and Wilson) with pale pink, [5] or lilac pink flowers, foliage pubescent beneath, [23] and leaflets are elliptic to oblong-elliptic and downy beneath. [5] Found prior to 1980. [23] It comes from Japan, [5] and is an RHS accepted name and , [41]

This is more likely to be Rosa hirtula (Regel) Nakai, [37] a separate species which is an accepted name by The Plant List (of Kew Gardens), [42] but Germplasm Resources Information Network states Rosa hirtula (Regel) Nakai is as synonym of Rosa roxburghii Tratt. var. hirtula (Regel) Rehder & E. H. Wilson. [43] Rosa hirtula is similar in form to R. roxburghii Tratt., particularly to the single-flowered form, R. roxburghii f. normalis Rehder & E. H. Wils., and is distinguished by its tree-like habit, hairy rachis, and lanceolate to narrowly oblong leaflets with acuminate to acuminate-acute apex, serrulate margins, and hairy midveins on the lower surface. [37]

Distribution and habitat

Rosa roxburghii is native to temperate areas of eastern asia, within China and Japan. [9] [25] [24]

Range

Found within China, [11] [44] it is found in the provinces of Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan, Hubei, Gansu, Jiangxi, Guizhou, [18] [45] Shaanxi, Sichuan, [6] Yunnan, [6] [46] Guangxi and Xinjiang. [2] [24]

Habitat

It is found growing in various habitats including; Mountain forests, thickets, [10] slopes, [12] stream sides, [2] [10] semi-arid river valleys, waysides, [22] and on roadsides. [12] [46] In China, it is commonly found on banks between rice fields, where it can obtain plenty of water during the summer. [6]

They can be found at an altitude of 500–2,500 m (1,600–8,200 ft) above sea level. [12] [2]

Ecology

Rosa roxburghii flowers are attractive to pollinating insects and its hips are attractive to birds during the winter months. [10] [13]

It can be companion planted with alliums, parsley, mignonette and lupins. Although it is not suitable to be grown with boxwood. [47]

Garlic planted nearby can help protect the plant from disease and insect predation. [47] [48]

Cultivation

Rosa roxburghii hips in a botanical garden in Copenhagen

It is thought to be an extremely tough rose, [21] and can tolerate high heat and humidity. [3] It is hardy to between USDA Zones 4 to 9, [16] [13] [21] (i.e. where minimum temperatures are between −30 °F (−34 °C) and −6 °C to -3.8 °C). [14] Safer hardy zoning is between 6 and 9 (between -23.3 °C (-10 °F) to -3.8 °C (25 °F)). [7] [10] [8] It is also hardy to (UK) Zone 5, [16] between -15 to -10. [49] It will be damaged by temperatures below -10°C for any length of time. [6]

It prefers to grow in soils that are fertile, [3] moist and well drained, [10] [3] [21] It tolerates most pH levels of soil. [10] [16] It can grow in most soils, [22] including light (sandy), [35] medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. [16] [10] It only does poorly in water-logged soils. [50]

It prefers positions in full sun or partial shade. [3] [10] [16] Generally most Roses species need five to six hours of direct sun each day. Morning sun is needed, but afternoon shade is tolerated. [21]

Within a garden, it can be used in a semi-wild or informal area, [20] or more commonly used within an informal hedge. [3] [10] [7]

It prefers to be situated where it can get good air circulation around the plant, [21] and the removal of fallen leaves will help prevent disease. [3]

Pruning

Rosa roxburghii requires little maintenance but essential pruning should be carried out once flowering has finished. Although the effects of pruning mean that no hips will follow. [10]

It can be pruned lightly or shoots cut back up to 1/3 and reducing side shoots by 1/2 to 1/3. [3] [21] Also any damaged, sick or dead shoots should be removed. [21] To renovate after the shrub has become 'wild', prune one in four or five shoots from the base. [3]

Pests and diseases

It is prone to many problems that most rosa species suffer from such as: Aphids, leafhoppers, spider mites, scale, caterpillars, sawfly larvae, cane borers, Japanese beetles, rose stem girders, rose midges, rose slugs, rose chafers, leaf-cutting bees, black spot, crown gall, canker, die-back, downy mildew and some viruses. [3]

Plants in this genus are also notably susceptible to honey fungus. [50]

It was prone to powdery mildew, [3] with young leaves becoming deformed, [51] but has been bred since 2005 with powdery mildew resistance. [52] [53] [54]

It is also resistant to black spot and to rust. [14]

Propagation

Rosa roxburghii can be propagated in two main ways either growing from seed or by cuttings, [14] either softwood or hardwood. [3] [14]

Seed

Rosa roxburghii can also be propagated by seed, but it often takes two years to for the seed to germinate. [50] [12]

It is thought, that this is due to the seed going through a winter cold and then through a warm summer would reduce the seed-coat and mature the embryo inside. [55] An alternative is to scarify the seed, [55] for 6 weeks at 5°c [50] before growing in damp peat for 2 - 3 weeks at temperatures of around 27 - 32°c (so that the seed should have imbibed or taken-in water). The next stage, is to reduce the temperature to 3°c for the next 4 months before it should show signs of germinating. [55] Another possible method, is to collect seed directly from the rose before it has dried (like other normal seed collection), this 'green' seed is sown and should germinate in the late winter. [55] [3]

After germination, the seedlings are pricked out or transplanted into individual pots when they are large enough to handle. One the young plants have reached 25cm tall, they are then ready to e planted in the garden or grow on in a cold frame during the winter and then planted out in late spring. [50] It will need a warm position and takes some years to flower when grown from seed. [6]

Cuttings

Rosa roxburghii can be propagated by cuttings using half-ripe wood (also known as softwood) with a heel, [56] still attached in July, [57] or between spring and summer. [3] They are placed in a shaded frame, then overwinter within the frame and then plant out in late spring. [57] Cuttings can also be taken of mature wood, [57] or hardwood, after a current seasons growth, [57] or in the fall. [3] In both cases pencil thick shoots are chosen, which are about 20-25 cm long then they are planted in a sheltered position outdoors or in a cold frame. [57] [50] The cuttings can take up to 12 months to establish but a high percentage of them normally succeed. [57] Division of suckers in the dormant season. Plant them out direct into their permanent positions. Grafting [14] and Layering are other methods of propagation but they can take up to 12 months to work. [22] [12] [14]

In 2005, a micro-propagation system based on axillary bud proliferation was developed in China. [58]

Hybrids

It will hybridizes easily with other rosa genus species. [55]

Known named Hybrids;

  • 'Chateau de la Juvenie', [59]
  • 'Imbricata', [59]
  • 'Triumph of the Guillotière', [59] was obtained by Jean-Baptiste Guillot in 1863 (Rosa roxburghii × Rosa × odorata ) - has smooth bark, pale pink double flowers, which are fragrant. [60]
  • Rosa x Coryana, a hybrid between R. roxburghii and Rose macrophylla, [5] [61] [62] - strong growing, grows up to 2.5m x 2m, stout canes which branch horizontally and reddish brown bark, flowers early summer, large blooms of deep pink with yellow stamens with many heavily veined leaflets. [63] It is accepted by the RHS. [64]

Uses

Rosa roxburghii in Quarryhill Botanical Garden, California

Rosa roxburghii has various uses including; as an ornamental (within gardens), [2] as a food source ( edible fruit [16] or fruit drink) and medicinal use (in folklore and current research). [25] [24]

The edible fruit are very rich in vitamins and have a sweet, sour taste; [46] they are used medicinally and to ferment wine. The roots are also used medicinally. The species is also cultivated for ornament, for its showy flowers, or as a hedge because of its abundant prickles. [2] [2]

Food source

Rosa roxburghii and Rosa sterilis both have edible fruit and have been eaten since 1765 A.D. [65]

The fruit / rosehips can be eaten raw or cooked, [66] and has a sweet sour taste. [2] The fruit is very rich in vitamins, [2] including Vitamin E. [67] [68] [12] and rich in vitamin C, [18] [68] [69] The content of Vitamin C is much higher than other kinds of fruits such as grape, apple, pear and dahurian rose fruit. [70] The vitamin content is 5-7 % (per 100mg of fruit). [71] It also has higher content vitamin P than other common vegetables and fruits. [70] [71] Unusually for a fruit, it is also a known source of essential fatty acids. [12]

In 2016, the phytochemical characteristics of the fruit were investigated. A total of 135 volatile compounds were identified, a total of 59 compounds in methanol extracts were identified, including 13 organic acids (including ascorbic acid), [44] 12 flavonoids, 11 triterpenes, nine amino acids, five phenylpropanoid derivatives, four condensed tannins, two stilbenes, two benzaldehyde derivatives and one benzoic acid derivative. [65] Roxbins A and B were also found in the fruit. [72] [73]

There is only a thin layer of edible flesh surrounding the many seeds. It can be ground into a powder, [69] and mixed with flour or added to other foods as a supplement. [67] [74] Be sure to remove the seed hairs. [67] In China, it is the commercial source of rosehip powder. [71]

R. roxburghii fruit has seen a rise in patent applications for methods to produce juice. [75] The juice, wine, [76] and the preserved fruit can be used as a dietary supplement, [69] [77] in many health-related industries. [65] [70] A rose jelly formula has been found. [78]

While being edible, there are some hazards of eating Rosa roxburghii. There is a layer of hairs around the seeds just beneath the flesh of the fruit. These hairs can cause irritation to the mouth and digestive tract if ingested. [12] [22]

Medicinal use

It is used in Chinese traditional medicine, [34] [68] and called 'Cili', [79] and used as fruit juice remedy. [68]

In Compendium of Materia Medica (written in 1578), the fruits can alleviate mental depression and remove stagnated food. [46]

It is used in health supplements because of its strong anti-oxidation, [65] [80] [81] [82] circulatory and cardiovascular tonic properties, [71] gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive functions, including anti-aging, free radical scavenging, immunologic regulation, stress tolerance, [68] [83] anti-inflammation, anti-virus, anti-aging, anti-fatigue effects and to enhance immunity. [70] Also has anti-mutagenic, [81] anti-atherogenic and anti-tumor effects, as well as genoprotective and radioprotective activities. [65] Due to being rich in tannins it is also used as an astringent. [84]

A controlled feeding study in 2005 found that a supplement increases plasma antioxidant capacity and glutathione redox state. [85]

In modern medicine, it has been undergoing various experimental tests and pharmacological studies, including gene sequencing, [44]extracts have demonstrated anti-arteriosclerosis activity and benefits for cholesterol levels that support its use for cardiovascular disorders. [68] Also seems to have rejuvenation, immune supportive and anti-cancer effects. [71] [68] [12]

References

  1. ^ a b "Rosa roxburghii Tratt. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "FOC Vol. 9 Page 381". efloras Flora of China. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Chestnut Rose". finegardening.com. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  4. ^ a b c Judy Barrett Yes, You Can Grow Roses, p. 89, at Google Books
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification, p. 234s, at Google Books
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Roger Phillips and Martyn Rix The Ultimate Guide to Roses: A Comprehensive Selection, p. 27, at Google Books
  7. ^ a b c d e f "'Rosa roxburghii f. normalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson' rose Description". helpmefind.com. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d Richard Hass, Jerry Olson and John Whitman Growing Roses in Cold Climates, p. 131, at Google Books
  9. ^ a b "R. roxburghii". davidaustinroses.co.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Rosa roxburghii". davisla.wordpress.com. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  11. ^ a b c d e Harrison L. Flint Landscape Plants for Eastern North America: Exclusive of Florida and the Immediate Gulf Coast, 2nd Edition (1997), p. 597, at Google Books
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "medicinal herbs: SWEET CHESTNUT ROSE - Rosa roxburghii". www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Peter Schneider Right Rose, Right Place: 3509 Perfect Choices for Beds, Borders, Hedges, and Screens, Containers, Fences, Trellises, and More (2009), p. 59, at Google Books
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "PlantFiles: Burr Rose, Chestnut Rose, Chinquapin Rose". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  15. ^ a b Dr Ross Bayton and Richard Sneesby RHS Colour Companion: A Visual Dictionary of Colour for Gardeners, p. 192, at Google Books
  16. ^ a b c d e f g "Rosa roxburghii - Tratt". Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  17. ^ Genders, Roy. Scented Flora of the World. Robert Hale Ltd. p. 415. ISBN  978-0709054405.
  18. ^ a b c Jun, Yang; Huiying, Zhou (25 December 2018). "Persistence pays off with thorny fruit - Chinadaily.com.cn". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  19. ^ Christopher Brickell (Editor) RHS Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers (New Edition, 2019), p. 692, at Google Books
  20. ^ a b Fallon, Fionnuala (29 June 2019). "Sun, shade, dry or windy – there's a rose to suit every kind of garden". The Irish Times. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Winter, Norman (25 May 2013). "Chestnut rose a colorful heirloom". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  22. ^ a b c d e Bean, W.J. (23 June 1988). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain (Illustrated edition edition). John Murray. ISBN  978-0719544439.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Thomas Debener and Serge Gudin (editors) Encyclopedia of Rose Science, p. 4155, at Google Books
  24. ^ a b c d e f "Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.5.0". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  25. ^ a b c John H. Wiersema and Blanca León World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference, Second Edition, p. 595, at Google Books
  26. ^ "The Chestnut Rose". southernedition.com. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  27. ^ "Rosa roxburghii Tratt., Rosac. Monogr. [Trattinnick] 2: 233 (1823)". ipni.org ( International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  28. ^ Handlos, (Ph.D.), Wayne L. "Leopold Trattinnick". geraniumsonline.com. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference Rosella was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ a b "Chestnut Rose, Rosa roxburghii Tratt". eol.org. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  31. ^ "Rosa roxburghii f. normalis". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  32. ^ "R. roxburghii plena (Double Chestnut Rose) – Rogue Valley Roses". roguevalleyroses.com. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  33. ^ "Rosa roxburghii 'Plena' - Double chestnut rose | Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden, South Africa". sun.gardenexplorer.org. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  34. ^ a b Wang, Qian; Hu, Huan; An, Jiaxing; Bai, Guohui; Ren, Qunli; Liu, Jianguo (2018). "Complete chloroplast genome sequence of Rosa roxburghii and its phylogenetic analysis". Mitochondrial DNA Part B Resources. 3 (1): 149–150. doi: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1431074. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  35. ^ a b c Matthews, V. (1994). The New Plantsman. 1. {{ cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= ( help)
  36. ^ "Rosa roxburghii f. normalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  37. ^ a b c Hideaki, Ohba (September 2016). "840. ROSA HIRTULA: Rosaceae". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 33 (3): 226–234. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  38. ^ Feng, Hui; Wang, Mao-liang; Cong, Ri-chen; Dai, Si-lan (2017). "Colchicine- and trifluralin-mediated polyploidization of Rosa multiflora Thunb. var. inermis and Rosa roxburghii f. normalis". The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 92 (3): 279–287. doi: 10.1080/14620316.2016.1249964. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  39. ^ "Rosa roxburghii f. normalis (S)". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  40. ^ a b "Rosa roxburghii f. roxburghii (d)". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  41. ^ "Rosa roxburghii var. hirtula (S)". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  42. ^ "Rosa hirtula (Regel) Nakai — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  43. ^ "Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.5.0". www.narc.gov.jo. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  44. ^ a b c Yana, Xiuqin; Zhanga, Xue; Lua, Min; Heb, Yong; Ana, Huaming (June 2019). "De novo sequencing analysis of the Rosa roxburghii fruit transcriptome reveals putative ascorbate biosynthetic genes and EST-SSR markers". Gene. 561 (1): 54–62. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.054. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  45. ^ Liu, Meng-Hua; Zhang, Qi; Zhang, Yuan-He; Lu, Xian-Yuan; Fu, Wei-Ming; He, Jing-Yu (September 2016). "Chemical Analysis of Dietary Constituents in Rosa roxburghii and Rosa sterilis Fruits". Molecules. 21 (9): 1204. doi: 10.3390/molecules21091204.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link)
  46. ^ a b c d Yang, Chen Chong; Quan, Tang Guo; Jun, Yuan Mo. "PRIMARY PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY ON ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF ROSA ROXBURGHII". cili-bao.co.za. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  47. ^ a b Philbrick, Helen; Gregg, Richard B. (1 January 2008). Companion Plants. Biodynamic Farming & Gardening Association.
  48. ^ Riotte, Louise (1 January 1979). Secrets of Companion Planting for Successful Gardening. GARDEN WAY PUBLISHING CO.
  49. ^ "RHS hardiness rating". RHS hardiness rating. Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  50. ^ a b c d e f Huxley, Anthony; Griffiths, Mark; Levy, Margot (27 April 1992). The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN  978-0333474945.
  51. ^ DSIR Publishing, 2006 New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, Volume 34, p. 185, at Google Books
  52. ^ Wen, X.; Xu, Q.; Cao, Q.; Deng, X. (2006). "Promising genetic resources for resistance to powdery mildew in chestnut rose (Rosa roxburghii) and its relatives in China". New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 34: 183–188. doi: 10.1080/01140671.2006.9514405.
  53. ^ Qiang, Xu (2011). "Molecular mechanism of powdery mildew resistance in chestnut rose（Rosa roxburghii Tratt)". Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University. 30 (1): 124–127. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  54. ^ Kevin M. Folta and Susan E. Gardiner Editors) Genetics and Genomics of Rosaceae, p. 351, at Google Books
  55. ^ a b c d e McMillan Browse, P.D.A. (31 December 1998). Hardy Woody Plants from Seed. Grower Books. ISBN  978-0901361219.
  56. ^ "Propagating Heel Cuttings". thegardenersalmanac. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  57. ^ a b c d e f Sheat, W. G. (1948). Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. Macmillan. ISBN  9780571110841.
  58. ^ Wen, X. P.; Deng, X. X. (2005). "Micropropagation of chestnut rose (Rosa roxburghii Tratt) and assessment of genetic stability in in vitro plants using RAPD and AFLP markers". The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 80 (1): 54–60. doi: 10.1080/14620316.2005.11511891.
  59. ^ a b c Brent C. Dickerson The Old Rose Index, p. 260, at Google Books
  60. ^ "A descriptive catalogue of roses, cultivated, and for sale by Hovey & Co. at their Cambridge nursuries, Cambridge, near Boston, Mass. : for the autumn of 1845 and spring of 1846"". archive.org. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  61. ^ "Rosa x coryana". Cambridge Botanic Garden. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  62. ^ "Roses > Rosa x coryana" (in French). les-racines-du-vent.fr. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  63. ^ "Rosa x coryana". Trevor White Roses. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  64. ^ "Rosa 'Coryana' (S)". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  65. ^ a b c d e Liu, Meng-Hua; Zhang, Qi; Zhang, Yuan-He; Lu, Xian-Yuan; Fu, Wei-Ming; He, Jing-Yu (September 2016). "Chemical Analysis of Dietary Constituents in Rosa roxburghii and Rosa sterilis Fruits". Molecules. 21 (9): 1204. doi: 10.3390/molecules21091204. Retrieved 26 January 2020.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link)
  66. ^ Kunkel, Günther (1984). Plants for Human Consumption. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. ISBN  978-3874292160.
  67. ^ a b c Kavasch, E. Barrie (12 June 1979). Native Harvests: Recipes & Botanicals of the American Indian. Vintage Books. ISBN  978-0394728117.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g van der Westhuizen, Li Mei; Fang, Ning; Yang, Xiao Sheng; Liu, Jin Wei; Liu, Jia Yun; Liu, Hong Ling; Zhou, Qi Xin; Chen, Dai Xiong (2007). "Effects of Rosa roxburghii Extract on Proliferation and Differentiation in Human Hepatoma SMMC-7721 Cells and CD34+ Haematopoietic Cells" (PDF). Journal of Health Science. 53 (1): 10–15. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2330. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  69. ^ a b c "Pure Rosa Roxburghii Fruit Extract Powder". www.lfextract.com. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  70. ^ a b c d "Rosa Roxburghii Extract by Kingherbs Limited - Food, Beverage & Nutrition". www.ulprospector.com. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  71. ^ a b c d e Cheryll Williams Medicinal Plants in Australia Volume 4: An Antipodean Apothecary, p. 33, at Google Books
  72. ^ National Library of Medicine Cumulated Index Medicus, Volume 29, 1988, p. 15559, at Google Books
  73. ^ Yoshida, T. (August 1987). "Tannins and related polyphyenols of rosaceous medicinal plants IV". Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 35 (8): 3132–8.
  74. ^ Facciola, Stephen (1 November 1990). Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications. ISBN  9780962808708.
  75. ^ "Rosa roxburghii tratt juice drink and preparation method thereof". 2 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  76. ^ Bolarin, F.M; Olotu, F.B; Onyemeize, U.C (April 2016). "ROSE APPLE FRUIT: IT PROSPECTS FOR JUICE AND WINE PRODUCTION" (PDF). European Journal of Educational and Development Psychology. 4 (2): 25-32. doi: 10.3390/molecules21091204. Retrieved 28 January 2020.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link)
  77. ^ Chen, G; Kan, J (February 2018). "Characterization of a novel polysaccharide isolated from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit and assessment of its antioxidant in vitro and in vivo". Int J Biol Macromol. 107: 166–174.
  78. ^ "The Formula Research of Roxburgh Rose Jelly--《Shandong Chemical Industry》2015年19期". en.cnki.com.cn. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  79. ^ Xiao-Peng, Wen; Deng, Xx (August 2004). "Characterization of genotypes and genetic relationships of cili (Rosa roxburghii) and its relatives using RAPD markers". Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology. 1 (2): 79–84. doi: 10.1079/CJB200425. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  80. ^ Chen, Guangjing; Kan, Jianquan (March 2018). "Ultrasound-assisted extraction, characterization, and antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo of polysaccharides from Chestnut rose (Rosa roxburghii tratt) fruit". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 55 (3): 1083–1092. doi: 10.1007/s13197-017-3023-8.
  81. ^ a b van der Westhuizen, F.H.; van Rensburg, C.S.; Rautenbach, G.S.; Marnewick, J.L.; Loots du, T.; Huysamen, C.; Louw, R.; Pretorius, P.J.; Erasmus, E. (March 2008). "In vitro antioxidant, antimutagenic and genoprotective activity of Rosa roxburghii fruit extract". Phytotheraphy Research. 22 (3): 376–83. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2330. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  82. ^ van Rensburg, Janse; Scholtz, Catharina. "In vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties of Rosa roxburghii plant extract". Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  83. ^ Liu, Wei; An, Hua-Ming; Yang, Man (May 2013). "Overexpression of 'Rosa roxburghii' l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase in tobacco plant enhances ascorbate accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance". Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 35 (5): 1617–1624. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  84. ^ Duke, James A; Ayensu, Edward S (1985). Medicinal Plants of China. Reference Publications. ISBN  978-0917256202.
  85. ^ Janse van Rensburg, C.; Erasmus, E.; Loots, D.T.; Oosthuizen, W.; Jerling, J.C.; Kruger, H.S.; Louw, R.; Brits, M.; van der Westhuizen, F.H. (October 2005). "Rosa roxburghii supplementation in a controlled feeding study increases plasma antioxidant capacity and glutathione redox state". Eur. J. Nutr. 44 (7): 452–7. Retrieved 17 December 2019.

Other sources

  • Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) URL: www.skud.info
  • Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963-1968. Flora of Java. Note: cult.
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
  • Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
  • Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
  • Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
  • Jiangsu Inst. Bot., ed. v. 1; Shan. R. H., ed. v. 2. 1977-1982. Jiangsu Zhiwuzhi (Flora of Jiangsu).
  • Krüssmann, G. 1984. Manual of cultivated broad-leaved trees and shrubs (English translation of Handbuch der Laubgehölze. 1976)
  • Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
  • Personal Care Products Council. INCI
  • Rehder, A. 1949. Bibliography of cultivated trees and shrubs.
  • Saakov, S. G. & D. Rieksta. 1973. Rozy. 144.
  • Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986-2000. European garden flora.
  • Wen, X.P. and X.X. Deng 2005. Micropropagation of Chestnut Rose (Rosa Roxburghii Tratt.) and assessment of genetic stability in in-vitro plants using RAPD and AFLP markers, Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 80, 54-60
  • Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rosa roxburghii.

Taxonbar

roxburghii ;Category:Flora of China ;Category:Flora of Japan ;Category:Flora of Asia ;Category:Medicinal plants ;Category:Edible plants ;Category:Ornamental plants ;Category:Plants described in 1920

Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=User:DavidAnstiss/Rosa_roxburghii&oldid=1069515269"