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Toxoplasmosis
T. gondii tachyzoites
Specialty Infectious disease
SymptomsOften none, during pregnancy (birth defects) [1] [2]
Complications Congenital toxoplasmosis [1]
Causes Toxoplasma gondii [3]
Risk factorsEating poorly cooked food, exposure to infected cat feces [3]
Diagnostic methodBlood test, amniotic fluid test [4]
TreatmentDuring pregnancy spiramycin or pyrimethamine/ sulfadiazine and folinic acid [5]
FrequencyUp to 50% of people, 200,000 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis a year [6] [7]

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii. [3] Infections with T. gondii usually cause no obvious symptoms in adults. [8] Occasionally, people may have a few weeks or months of mild, flu-like illness such as muscle aches and tender lymph nodes. [1] In a small number of people, eye problems may develop. [1] In those with a weak immune system, severe symptoms such as seizures and poor coordination may occur. [1] If infected during pregnancy, a condition known as congenital toxoplasmosis may affect the child. [1]

Toxoplasmosis is usually spread by eating poorly cooked food that contains cysts, exposure to infected cat feces, and from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy. [3] Rarely, the disease may be spread by blood transfusion. [3] It is not otherwise spread between people. [3] The parasite is known to reproduce sexually only in the cat family. [9] However, it can infect most types of warm-blooded animals, including humans. [9] Diagnosis is typically by testing blood for antibodies or by testing amniotic fluid for the parasite's DNA. [4]

Prevention is by properly preparing and cooking food. [10] Pregnant women are also recommended not to clean cat litter boxes, or if they must to wear gloves and wash their hands afterwards. [10] Treatment of otherwise healthy people is usually not needed. [5] During pregnancy, spiramycin or pyrimethamine/ sulfadiazine and folinic acid may be used for treatment. [5]

Up to half of the world's population is infected by toxoplasmosis, but have no symptoms. [7] In the United States, approximately 11% of people are infected. [3] In Brazil about 78% are infected. [8] Approximately 200,000 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis occur a year. [6] Charles Nicolle and Louis Manceaux first described the organism in 1908. [11] In 1941, transmission during pregnancy from a mother to a baby was confirmed. [11] There is tentative evidence that infection may affect people's behavior. [12]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Disease". July 10, 2014. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  2. ^ Hunter, CA; Sibley, LD (November 2012). "Modulation of innate immunity by Toxoplasma gondii virulence effectors". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 10 (11): 766–78. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2858. PMC  3689224. PMID  23070557.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Epidemiology & Risk Factors". March 26, 2015. Archived from the original on 23 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  4. ^ a b "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Diagnosis". January 10, 2013. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  5. ^ a b c "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Resources for Health Professionals". April 14, 2014. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  6. ^ a b Torgerson, Paul R; Mastroiacovo, Pierpaolo (2013). "The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 91 (7): 501–508. doi: 10.2471/BLT.12.111732. ISSN  0042-9686. PMC  3699792. PMID  23825877.
  7. ^ a b Flegr J, Prandota J, Sovičková M, Israili ZH (March 2014). "Toxoplasmosis—a global threat. Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis with specific disease burden in a set of 88 countries". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e90203. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...990203F. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090203. PMC  3963851. PMID  24662942. Toxoplasmosis is becoming a global health hazard as it infects 30–50% of the world human population.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link)
  8. ^ a b Montoya, Jose G. (2020). "328. Toxoplasmosis". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 2056-2058. ISBN  978-0-323-55087-1. Archived from the original on 2023-09-10. Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  9. ^ a b "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Biology". March 17, 2015. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  10. ^ a b "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Prevention & Control". January 10, 2013. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  11. ^ a b Ferguson DJ (2009). "Toxoplasma gondii: 1908–2008, homage to Nicolle, Manceaux and Splendore". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 104 (2): 133–48. doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762009000200003. PMID  19430635.
  12. ^ Tyebji, S; Seizova, S; Hannan, AJ; Tonkin, CJ (January 2019). "Toxoplasmosis: A pathway to neuropsychiatric disorders". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 96: 72–92. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.012. PMID  30476506.
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