| Chilblain | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Pernio, [1] perniones, [2] perniosis, [1] kibes [3] |
 | |
| Toes inflamed by chilblains | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | Emergency medicine |
| Symptoms | Redness, itching, blistering [4] |
| Usual onset | Within a few hours [1] |
| Duration | 1 to 2 weeks [1] |
| Causes | Prolonged cold exposure [5] |
| Risk factors | Lupus, smoking, family history, Raynaud's [1] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms and examination [6] |
| Differential diagnosis | Frostbite, trench foot, leukemia cutis, cold panniculitis [5] [7] [8] |
| Prevention | Keeping the hands and feet warm [1] |
| Treatment | Corticosteroid creams [1] |
Chilblains, also known as pernio, is a type of cold injury that results in red, itchy, and tender areas of skin. [1] [4] Less commonly blistering and ulceration may occur. [4] The fingers, toes, ears and cheeks are most commonly affected. [4]
Chilblains typically occurs due to prolonged exposure to cold. [5] [8] The degree of cold; however, is less than freezing, which would result in frostbite. [5] Risk factors include lupus, smoking, family history, and Raynaud's. [1] The underlying mechanism involves the inflammation of small blood vessels. [1] [4] Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and examination. [6]
Prevention is generally by keeping the hands and feet warm. [1] Other measures may include avoiding caffeine and potentially taking nifedipine. [1] Treatment may involve the use of corticosteroid creams. [1] It may take a week or two for an episode to resolve. [1]
Chilblains is relatively common in regions of the world with cold climates. [8] The young and old are most commonly affected. [1] Women are more commonly affected than men. [8] The condition has been described since at least the 1st century by Pedanius Dioscorides of Anazarbus. [9]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Chilblains". DermNet NZ. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ Killian, H. (2012). Cold and Frost Injuries — Rewarming Damages Biological, Angiological, and Clinical Aspects: Biological, Angiological, and Clinical Aspects. Springer Science & Business Media. p. PT43. ISBN 978-3-642-67051-0. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L.; Schaffer, Julie V. (2012). Dermatology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1493. ISBN 978-0-7020-5182-1. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ a b c d e "Cold Related Illnesses". www.cdc.gov. 21 February 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ a b c d Stanley, James C.; Veith, Frank; Wakefield, Thomas W. (2014). Current Therapy in Vascular and Endovascular Surgery E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 701. ISBN 978-1-4557-5962-0. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ a b Wigley, Fredrick M.; Herrick, Ariane L.; Flavahan, Nicholas A. (2014). Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Guide to Pathogenesis and Treatment. Springer. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-4939-1526-2. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ Patterson, James W. (2019). Weedon's Skin Pathology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-7020-7583-4. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ a b c d Bonamigo, Renan Rangel; Dornelles, Sergio Ivan Torres (2018). Dermatology in Public Health Environments: A Comprehensive Textbook. Springer. p. 27. ISBN 978-3-319-33919-1. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
- ^ Cartwright, Anthony C.; Armstrong, N. Anthony (2020). A History of the Medicines We Take: From Ancient Times to Present Day. Pen and Sword History. p. PT274. ISBN 978-1-5267-2404-5. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-12-01.