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Timeline of psychoactive chemicals and psychedelia
1841
William Brooke O'Shaughnessy brings cannabis from India to London for medicinal use
1844
Jacques-Joseph Moreau starts the
Club des Hashischins in Paris after travels in the Middle East
1845 Moreau publishes Hashish and mental alienation
1874
Louis Lewin publishes first study of
morphine intoxication
1886
Louis Lewin publishes first methodical analysis of the
Peyote cactus
1897
Arthur Heffter discovers
mescaline is the active principle in the
peyote cactus
1898
Bayer starts supplying
heroin to the general public
1904
Bayer starts supplying Veronal (
Barbital ) to the general public
1912
Ecstasy (
MDMA ) first
synthesized by
Merck
chemist
Anton Köllisch
1922
Aleister Crowley publishes
Diary of a Drug Fiend
1924 United States Congress bans the sale, import and manufacture of heroin
1928
Louis Lewin publishes his extensive survey of psychoactive plants, 'Phantastica'
1930
Witkacy publishes
Insatiability and refers to the 'Murti-Bing' pill
1930
Aleister Crowley introduces
Aldous Huxley to
peyote
1932
Witkacy publishes 'Narcotics' on the use of
hallucinogens by artists, particularly
peyote
1932
Aldous Huxley publishes
Brave New World and refers to the '
Soma ' pill
1936 Robert J. Weitlaner researches Mexican
magic mushrooms
1936
Reefer Madness produced in US
1938 LSD first synthesised by
Albert Hoffman at
Sandoz Laboratories, Switzerland
1939
Ololiuhqui research by Richard Evans Schultes
1939
Witkacy commits suicide with an overdose of Veronal (
Barbital )
1943 '
Bicycle Day '
1946
William Sargant publishes 'An Introduction to Somatic Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry'
1947 Delysid distributed by Sandoz for worldwide psychiatric research
1950 LSD psychotherapy used with epileptic children in Poland
1950 First article about LSD appears in the American Psychiatric Journal
1951 Sandoz agrees exclusive contract with US Government to deliver 100 grams of LSD a week, and not to supply communist countries
1951
Humphry Osmond moves his LSD psychotherapy research from London to a psychiatric hospital in Sasketchwan, Canada
1951
Alfred Hubbard takes LSD for the first time, starts to distribute it widely
1951 CIA starts mind control research into LSD in
Project ARTICHOKE , the forerunner of
Project MK-ULTRA
1951 Outbreak of mass psychosis at
Pont-Saint-Esprit , France effects 500 people and causes 5 deaths
[1]
1952
Ernst Junger publishes 'Visit to Godenholm' after taking LSD with Hoffman
1952 Ronald Sandison visits Hoffman at Sandoz and then starts LSD testing and psychotherapy with psychiatric patients at
Powick Hospital , UK
1952 In
Project ARTICHOKE George Hunter White begins administering LSD to unwitting U.S. citizens at a CIA brothel in
Greenwich Village
1953
William S. Burroughs publishes
Junkie
1953 Humphry Osmond supplies
Aldous Huxley with his first dose of
mescaline
1953
William Sargant starts LSD research for
MI6 at
Porton Down , and associates with
Frank Olson ,
Donald Ewen Cameron and
Project ARTICHOKE
1953
Frank Olson dies in
Project ARTICHOKE , renamed
Project MK-ULTRA
1953
Sidney Gottlieb becomes head of
Project MK-ULTRA , with six percent of the CIA total budget, estimated $10 million per year without oversight or accounting
1954 Aldous Huxley publishes
The Doors of Perception
1954
Project MK-ULTRA funds
Lilly (the future producer of
Prozac ) to synthesizes LSD, ending US dependence on Sandoz
[2]
1954 First article about LSD therapy in
Time Magazine
1954
Oscar Janiger starts LSD testing on students at
UCI
1955
Christopher Mayhew MP (a friend of Humphrey Osmond) is filmed in a mescaline test and writes of his experience in
The Observer
1955
Time Magazine reports on psychiatrist Harold A. Abramson serving LSD at dinner parties in
Manhattan
[3]
1955 Alfred Hubbard supplies Aldous Huxley with his first dose of LSD
1955 10 October 'The Splintered Man' by M. E. Chaber (
Kendell Foster Crossen ) copyrighted
[4]
1955 LSD first mentioned on film: US TV series 'Science Fiction Theatre' Season 1, Episode 26 "The Human Equation"
1956
Project MK-ULTRA opens
Subproject 22 to use the 'Geschickter Fund for Medical Research' as
cutout for research into
morning glory
1956 LSD psychotherapy program starts in Prague,
Czechoslovakia
[5]
1957
Stephen Szara publishes 'The comparison of the psychotic effect of tryptamine derivatives with the effects of mescaline and LSD-25 in self-experiments.'
1957
William Sargant publishes 'Battle for the Mind: The Mechanics of Indoctrination, Brainwashing & Thought Control'
1957
Project MK-ULTRA starts funding
Donald Ewen Cameron 's research into
psychic driving at
Montreal 's
Allan Memorial Institute of
McGill University
1957 'The Splintered Man' by M. E. Chaber (
Kendell Foster Crossen ) published: first novel to mention LSD and LSD research in
Project MK-ULTRA
1957 First article about Mexican
magic mushrooms in
Life Magazine by
R. Gordon Wasson
1958 Inspired by R. Gordon Wasson's report, Albert Hoffman isolates
psylocybin and Sandoz begins distribution
1958
Powick Hospital starts a dedicated LSD psychotherapy department
1958
Oscar Janiger starts testing the effect of LSD on writers, artists and composers
1958
Cary Grant starts taking LSD during psychotherapy
1958
Alfred Hitchcock 's
psychological thriller
Vertigo includes an extended psychedelic sequence
1958 'Psychedelic Chemistry' published in 'Chemical Abstracts' 52, 11965c, with recipes for psychoactive drugs
1958
How to Speak Hip has lines 'Life is not without its acids, man. Know what I mean?' and 'It's uncool to let anyone know your uncle is a registered pharmacist'
[6]
1959
Ken Kesey participates in LSD testing at Stanford University as part of
Project MK-ULTRA
1959 10th Josiah Macy Conference on LSD
1959
Allen Ginsberg first takes LSD
1960
Native Americans given statutory freedom of
peyote use for religious reasons
1960
Timothy Leary follows R. Gordon Wasson's research into Mexican
magic mushrooms , travels to Mexico and starts the Harvard Psylocybin Project
1960
Time Magazine reports on the use of LSD in
Hollywood
[7]
1961 Terry Taylor publishes 'Baron's Court, all change', first British novel to mention LSD
1961 Dick Dale and the Del-Tones release "
Let's Go Trippin' "
1961 Humphrey Osmond publishes his report on psychedelic experiences at a
Native American Church
peyote ritual
1961
Michael Hollingshead introduces Timothy Leary to LSD
1962
Cary Grant endorses LSD psychotherapy in
Time Magazine and says he has lectured on its benefits to students at
UCLA
[8]
1962 The Gamblers release a track named
LSD-25
1962
FDA makes first LSD bust
1962
Conrad Rooks attends
Deep Sleep Therapy after 7 years of drug abuse including LSD
1962 Timothy Leary supplies LSD to
John F. Kennedy 's lover
Mary Pinchot Meyer , ex-wife of CIA agent
Cord Meyer
[9] Meyer and Kennedy take LSD together
[10]
1962
Zihuatanejo Project starts
1962
Marsh Chapel Experiment
1962 Ken Kesey publishes '
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest ', the success of which funds his '
Acid Tests '
1963 Timothy Leary is fired from Harvard
1963 John F. Kennedy is assassinated
1963 Aldous Huxley dies, his last request is a dose of LSD
1963
William Burroughs and
Allen Ginsberg publish
The Yage Letters
1963 Sandoz patents on LSD expire
1963
Owsley Stanley drops out of
University of California, Berkeley and starts producing home-made LSD
1964
Richard Blum publishes 'Utopiates: The Use & Users of LSD-25'
1964 Owsley's laboratory raided by police looking for
methamphetamine but they cannot find anything illegal. Owsley moves to
L.A. to concentrate on LSD production
1964 Psychiatrist Sidney Cohen publishes 'The Beyond Within: the LSD Story' and warns about 'beatnik microculture' threatening LSD research
1964 Timothy Leary publishes '
The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead ' on
set and setting ; dedicated to Aldous Huxley
1964 Ken Kesey and The
Merry Pranksters distribute LSD across the U.S. in '
Furthur ', finally taking it to the
World Fair in New York
1964 Mary Pinchot Meyer is assassinated
1965
Tom Wolfe publishes
The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby
1965 In April and May Owsley Stanley produces 300,000 capsules of LSD (at 270 micrograms each) and returns to the
San Francisco Bay Area to distribute them
1965 The Psychedelic Shop - the first of its kind - opens in San Francisco
1965
The Doors name themselves after Huxley's book.
The Grateful Dead ,
Big Brother and the Holding Company ,
Jefferson Airplane also formed in California
1965 Sandoz cancels shipments of LSD to United States
1965 With 5000 doses of LSD and instructions from Leary, Michael Hollingshead opens the World Psychedelic Centre, London
1965
The Beatles take LSD in London with their dentist John Riley, supplied by Hollingshead. Then in California with
The Byrds and
Peter Fonda , refer to it in 'Help!' (July) and 'Day Tripper' (December)
1965 CIA's San Francisco brothels in the
Operation Midnight Climax section of Project MK-ULTRA are closed
1965 Owsley becomes The Merry Pranksters' main supplier of LSD
1965 Merry Prankster 'Acid Tests' in
Santa Cruz ,
San Jose ,
Palo Alto ,
Portland ,
San Francisco
[11]
1965 Granny Takes a Trip boutique opens, London
1965
The Pretty Things produce a song entitled 'LSD'
1966
Chappaqua produced by
Conrad Rooks in the US
1966
Hallucination Generation produced in the US
1966 Czechoslovakia starts producing its own LSD
[12]
1966 The Trips Festival in
Haight-Ashbury
[13]
1966 CIA's New York brothel in the Operation Midnight Climax section of Project MK-ULTRA is closed
1966 Owsley becomes
The Grateful Dead 's main supplier of LSD, and they recruit him as their
sound man
1966 Watts Acid Test
1966
Life Magazine has LSD as its cover story
[14]
1966
Owsley Stanley and
Tim Scully produce purer LSD at a factory in
Port Richmond , California
1966 Timothy Leary founds the
League for Spiritual Discovery , a religion with LSD as its holy sacrament
1966 LSD is criminalized in California
1967 The
Human Be-In at
San Francisco 's
Golden Gate Park attended by 20,000-30,000 people. Illegal LSD named "White Lightning" supplied by Owsley Stanley
1967 Owsley Stanley arrested and sentenced to three years in jail
1967 The Beatles release
Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and
The Beach Boys cancel
Smile
1967 On June 18,
Paul McCartney tells a TV journalist he has taken LSD "about four times"
1967 Robert E. Brown publishes 'The Psychedelic Guide to Preparation of the Eucharist' with a recipe for LSD
1968
Tom Wolfe publishes
The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test
1968 Tim Scully and
Nicholas Sand start start a new factory producing "Orange Sunshine", a mix of LSD and
ALD-52
1969
Woodstock Festival attended by 400,000 people
1970 Timothy Leary convicted and jailed, but escapes 7 months later and flees to
Afghanistan
1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances criminalizes LSD worldwide
1972 LSD psychotherapy discontinued at
Powick Hospital
1973 Indictment of Tim Scully and Nick Sand
1973 CIA Director
Richard Helms orders all MK-ULTRA files destroyed
1974 LSD psychotherapy discontinued in Czechoslovakia
1974
The New York Times reports CIA conducted illegal LSD experiments in
Project MK-ULTRA . Followed by
Church Committee and
Rockefeller Commission .
1977 U.S. Senate hearing on MKULTRA
2002 British government compensates former
Powick Hospital patients who had undergone LSD therapy
2006 British government compensates 3 former servicemen who underwent
William Sargant 's LSD testing for
MI6 at
Porton Down from 1953
[15]
2007
The Lancet says LSD,
MDMA and
cannabis are less addictive and physically harmful than
alcohol
2008
Amanda Feilding makes Albert Hoffman a deathbed pledge to ensure LSD is rehabilitated. Albert Hoffman dies.
[16]
2009
BBC investigation into
William Sargant 's mind control experiments
[17]
2010
The Financial Times reports that The
Beckley Foundation is trying to rehabilitate LSD
[18]
2010 French government requests US information on the 1951
Pont-Saint-Esprit incident
[19]