From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Resistance and Collaboration
Resistance
Josip Tito , the leader of the
Yugoslavian Partisans , pictured with his
cabinet , May 1944
Resistance by local populations took place in occupied countries due to the repression by the occupier.
[1] Resistance took many forms such as intelligence gathering and
sabotage (
railway sabotage , industrial sabotage, etc.),
[2] printing illegal newspapers or broadcasting radio announcements.
[3] Widespread resistance kept German troops engaged in
Poland ,
[4]
Norway ,
[5]
Holland ,
France ,
[6]
Yugoslavia ,
[7]
Greece ,
[8] the
Soviet Union
[9] and later
Italy .
[10]
[11] In Poland, the
Polish Resistance formed the
Underground State , the
Home Army and
Żegota , Europe’s only government-founded and sponsored underground organisation dedicated to the rescue of the
Jews .
[12] In Yugoslavia,
Tito's Partisans were Europe's most effective anti-Axis resistance movement, who succeeded in retaking control of large areas of Yugoslav territory.
[13] Western Europe’s
French communists and
nationalists
joined forces against the
Axis after the
German invasion of the Soviet Union .
[14]
[15] Allied-assisted partisan warfare was the aim of British
Special Operations Executive (SOE), and the American
Office of Strategic Services (OSS).
[16]
[17] In Asia, communist movements in China — the
New Fourth Army and
Eighth Route Army — battled the Japanese, as did the
Kuomintang nationalists who defeated the Japanese in the last major battle of the Sino-Japanese War.
[18] In
French Indochina , the communist
Viet Minh gave rise to an anti-Axis partisan movement. This initiated
Vietnam’s anti-colonial movement where the
OSS became a key player.
[19] In
Southeast Asia , resistance was still more complex. In the last weeks of the war, the
Indonesian independence movement was able to leverage its limited collaboration with the Japanese to gain their support to declare the
Netherlands East Indies free
[20]
[21] and SOE was successful in
Burma and in
Malaysia , persuading the
Burmese to switch sides
[22] and trap the Japanese Army.
[23]
Collaboration
Wang Jingwei during a parade of the
Collaborationist Chinese Army , 1943
During the war, huge territories in the Pacific and Europe were under
Axis authority . The
Japanese and
German armies required some level of collaboration in order to exert a degree of control over the occupied territories.
[24]
[25] The
Japanese presented themselves as liberators of colonial people using an ideological underpinning known as the
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere .
[26] This satisfied Japan’s claim of fighting a war of liberation. It was accepted by some of the local independence movements, but in reality it was bogus as Japan aimed to form its own colonial empire.
[27] In the
Pacific , collaborators exercised power under pressure from the Japanese.
[28] In China, after
Manchuria or
Manchukuo ,
Beijing , and
Nanjing fell, military conquest shifted to collaboration with minor elites to exercise power,
[29] while
Wang Jingwei led a new
reformed government and
army .
[30] Communists also colluded with the Japanese and Chinese collaborators.
[31] Local nationalist leaders as in
Burma and in
the Philippines established collaborationist governments.
India and
Burma each had armies which fought alongside the Japanese.
[32]
[33] In Europe, collaboration consisted in participation with
Nazi Germany .
[34]
Nazi ideology-driven collaboration was the prime factor, including
fascism ,
antisemitism ,
anticommunism , or national
independence .
[35] Collaboration by those who supported Nazi doctrine included
Anton Mussert in
Netherlands ,
Marcel Déat in
Vichy France ,
Vidkun Quisling in
Norway or
Georgios Tsolakoglou in
Greece .
[36] Another reason for collaboration was
antisemitism . Members of the
Trawnikimänner or volunteers of the
Schutzmannschaft partook in the capture and murder of Jews, and served as guards at Nazi concentration camps.
[37]
Anti-communism was another reason for collaboration;
Soviet atrocities committed in the Baltic states
[38] and Ukraine were exploited by
German propagandists .
[39] Also, foreign volunteers formed
Waffen SS divisions. The final reason for collaboration was the desire for independence.
[40]
Stepan Bandera in
Ukraine , and allies of the
Axis like
Slovakia and
Croatia sought independent fascist states.
[41]
[42]
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
Roberts, Walter R. (1987),
"1" , Tito, Mihailovic, and the Allies, 1941-1945 , Durham, North Carolina:
Duke University Press , p. 26,
ISBN
978-0813507408
^
^
^
Deák, István (2018),
"7" , Europe on Trial: The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution during World War II , UK:
Routledge , p. 141,
ISBN
978-0-8133-4789-9
^
^
Deák, István (2018),
"7" , Europe on Trial: The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution during World War II , UK:
Routledge , p. 148,
ISBN
978-0-8133-4789-9
^ Rusinow, Dennison I. (1978). The Yugoslav experiment 1948–1974 .
University of California Press . p. 2.
ISBN
978-0-520-03730-4 .
^
^
^ Smith, Richard Harris (1972),
"1" , OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency , UK:
Lyons Press , p. 3,
ISBN
9780520020238
^
^
Beevor, Antony (2012),
"45" , The Second World War , New York:
Little, Brown & Company , p. 697,
ISBN
978-0316023757
^
Beevor, Antony (2012),
"41" , The Second World War , New York:
Little, Brown & Company , p. 619,
ISBN
978-0316023757
^ Gert Oostindie and Bert Paasman (1998).
"Dutch Attitudes towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves" . Eighteenth-Century Studies . 31 (3): 349–355.
doi :
10.1353/ecs.1998.0021 .
S2CID
161921454 .
^ Bartholomew-Feis, Dixee R. (2006),
"7" , The OSS and Ho Chi Minh: unexpected allies in the war against Japan ,
United States of America :
University Press of Kansas , p. 175,
ISBN
978-0700616527
^
^
Beevor, Antony (2012),
"45" , The Second World War , New York:
Little, Brown & Company , p. 696,
ISBN
978-0316023757
^ Littlejohn, David (1972), The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German-occupied Europe, 1940-1945 , New York City:
Doubleday (publisher)
^
Brook, Timothy (2005),
"1" ,
Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime , Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press , p. 4,
ISBN
978-0-674-01563-0
^
^
^
Brook, Timothy (2005),
"1" ,
Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China , Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press , p. 1,
ISBN
978-0-674-01563-0
^
Brook, Timothy (2005),
"1" ,
Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China , Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press , p. 1,
ISBN
978-0-674-01563-0
^
Brook, Timothy (2005),
"5" ,
Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China , Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press , p. 155,
ISBN
978-0-674-01563-0
^ Henriot, Christian; Yeh, Wen-Hsin (2004),
"4" , In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: Shanghai Under Japanese Occupation , Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press , p. 106,
ISBN
978-0-674-01563-0
^ Yellen, Jeremy A. (2019). The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: When Total Empire Met Total War .
Cornell University Press . pp. 105–106.
ISBN
9781501735554 .
^ Wells, Anne Sharp (2009). The A to Z of World War II: The War Against Japan .
Scarecrow Press . p. 54.
ISBN
9780810870260 .
^ Rein, Leonid (2011),
"1" , The Kings and the Pawns: Collaboration in Byelorussia during World War II , New York:
Berghahn Books , p. 12,
ISBN
978-1845457761
^ Rein, Leonid (2011),
"2" , The Kings and the Pawns: Collaboration in Byelorussia during World War II , New York:
Berghahn Books , p. 59,
ISBN
978-1845457761
^
Beevor, Antony (2012),
"28" , The Second World War , New York:
Little, Brown & Company , p. 433,
ISBN
978-0316023757
^
Beevor, Antony (2012),
"13" , The Second World War , New York:
Little, Brown & Company , p. 213,
ISBN
978-0316023757
^
Snyder, Timothy (2011),
"24" , Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin , New York:
Random House , p. 196,
ISBN
978-1407075501
^
Beevor, Antony (2012),
"24" , The Second World War , New York:
Little, Brown & Company , p. 366,
ISBN
978-0316023757
^
Deák, István (2018),
"3" , Europe on Trial: The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution during World War II , UK:
Routledge , p. 65,
ISBN
978-0-8133-4789-9
^
Deák, István (2018),
"3" , Europe on Trial: The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution during World War II , UK:
Routledge , p. 63,
ISBN
978-0-8133-4789-9
^ Littlejohn, David (1972), The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German-occupied Europe, 1940-1945 , New York City:
Doubleday (publisher)