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World's states coloured by systems of
government: Parliamentary systems: Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
Presidential system: Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
Presidential republic
Hybrid systems:
Semi-presidential republic: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
Assembly-independent republic: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
As of the last presidential elections, since the president is now elected directly (popular vote) by the people, the Republic of Turkey is no longer a
parliamentary republic, it is a
semi-presidential republic (not to be mistaken with a
presidential system, semi-presidential is different) This needs to be updated. — Preceding
unsigned comment added by
174.60.224.128 (
talk) 02:45, 6 November 2014 (UTC)
The IP may be correct here. Anyone want to look into this?
Étienne Dolet (
talk) 08:57, 6 November 2014 (UTC)
Turkey is a 'parliamentary republic with a ceremonial president, where the prime minister is the executive.' but what you're saying will become true in following months. President's powers will be extended. Turkey's system will change into 'semi-presidential' which will evolve into full 'presidential' system. But like I said currently Turkey has a president with ceremonial role. kazekagetr 14:45, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
Everything depends on the definition of
semi-presidentialism. If to define a republic as semi-presidential it is enough the popular election of the president, then Turkey is already a semi-presidential state: if - besides that - also additional powers of the president are needed, then it is not (yet).
Alex2006 (
talk) 15:10, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
The proper definition includes that 'active' role rather than 'ceremonial' one I believe. But as i said, it will fit in that semi-presidential definition surely. kazekagetr 22:43, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
Republics with a semi-presidential system of government
Novais, Jorge Reis (2010). O Sistema Semipresidencial Português (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Almedina.
ISBN9789724044101. Faz-se neste segundo volume do Semipresidencialismo a análise da natureza, da história e das perspectivas de evolução do sistema semipresidencial português, ou seja, o sistema de governo que vigora e é praticado entre nós desde 1976. Como as notas distintivas que identificam a matriz portuguesa de semipresidencialismo e a distinguem dos outros modelos, como o francês, se situam na natureza específica da intervenção do Presidente da República e do seu estatuto político-constitucional, este livro é, em grande medida, um trabalho sobre a intervenção dos Presidentes da República no nosso sistema político: da fase de origem e formação, com Ramalho Eanes, à consolidação precária do sistema, com Mário Soares; dos anos de maturidade, com Jorge Sampaio, às sombras e incertezas que o mandato de Cavaco Silva projecta sobre a actualidade e o futuro do sistema de governo.Details.
Markarov, Alexander (2016).
"Semi-presidentialism in Armenia"(PDF). In
Elgie, Robert;
Moestrup, Sophia (eds.).
Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London:
Palgrave Macmillan (published 15 May 2016). pp. 61–90.
doi:
10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_3.
ISBN978-1-137-38780-6.
LCCN2016939393.
OCLC6039792321. Markarov discusses the formation and development of the semi-presidential system in Armenia since its foundation in 1991. The author identifies and compares the formal powers of the president, prime minister, and parliament under the 1995 Constitution as well as the amendments introduced through the Constitutional referendum in 2005. Markarov argues that the highly presidentialized semi-presidential system that was introduced in the early 1990s gradually evolved into a Constitutionally more balanced structure. However, in practice, the president has remained dominant and backed by a presidential majority; the president has thus been able to set the policy agenda and implement his preferred policy.
LaPorte, Jody (2016).
"Semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan"(PDF). In
Elgie, Robert;
Moestrup, Sophia (eds.).
Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London:
Palgrave Macmillan (published 15 May 2016). pp. 91–117.
doi:
10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_4.
ISBN978-1-137-38780-6.
LCCN2016939393.
OCLC6039791976. LaPorte examines the dynamics of semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan's regime is a curious hybrid, in which semi-presidential institutions operate in the larger context of authoritarianism. The author compares formal Constitutional provisions with the practice of politics in the country, suggesting that formal and informal sources of authority come together to enhance the effective powers of the presidency. In addition to the considerable formal powers laid out in the Constitution, Azerbaijan's president also benefits from the support of the ruling party and informal family and patronage networks. LaPorte concludes by discussing the theoretical implications of this symbiosis between formal and informal institutions in Azerbaijan's semi-presidential regime.
Nakashidze, Malkhaz (2016).
"Semi-presidentialism in Georgia"(PDF). In
Elgie, Robert;
Moestrup, Sophia (eds.).
Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London:
Palgrave Macmillan (published 15 May 2016). pp. 119–142.
doi:
10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_5.
ISBN978-1-137-38780-6.
LCCN2016939393.
OCLC6039793171. Nakashidze discusses the adoption and evolution of semi-presidentialism in Georgia since the Rose Revolution in 2004. From 2004 to 2012, political power was concentrated in the hands of the president, under a president-parliamentary variant of semi-presidentialism. Only during the period of cohabitation from 2012 to 2013 was the president's authority challenged. In 2010, the Constitution was amended with effect from 2013, reducing the power of the president considerably, arguably in an attempt by term-limited President Saakashvili to secure a political comeback as a powerful prime minister. Under the new premier-presidential Constitution, powers have been much more evenly distributed with each branch of government exercising its Constitutional powers.
Fumagalli, Matteo (2016).
"Semi-presidentialism in Kyrgyzstan"(PDF). In
Elgie, Robert;
Moestrup, Sophia (eds.).
Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London:
Palgrave Macmillan (published 15 May 2016). pp. 173–205.
doi:
10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_7.
ISBN978-1-137-38780-6.
LCCN2016939393.
OCLC6039790025. Fumagalli describes political and constitutional developments in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, a country which has experienced significant political instability and constitutional change. Kyrgyzstan is currently a rare democracy in a region that has otherwise been inhospitable to political liberalization. The premier-presidential variant of semi-presidentialism (2010–present) has done more to advance democracy in the country than the president-parliamentary system in place from 1993 to 2010. Fumagalli also discusses other factors at play, including a weak political party system, clan and patronage politics, and Russian political and economic influence.