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This article is a wonderful representation of comparative anatomy, as well as the subjects associated with comparative anatomy. Everything in this article was relevant to the article topic, however the format of the article was rather distracting. The history concerning comparative anatomy was rather confusing, because it appeared that it was not sequential. Additionally, the history concerning comparative anatomy should be labelled sequentially, based on centuries.
The article is neutral and there are no claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position. Every viewpoint and position is equally represented in this article. That being said, none of the viewpoints are overrepresented or underrepresented.
When concerning the citations, each of the citations was formatted differently. That being said, the citations are not properly formatted. Additionally, there are separate sections for the references and the bibliography, when the bibliography section should be included within the reference section. It appears that Wikipedia should have specific guidelines for citations. However, the links to the articles do, indeed, work. The sources do support the claims in the article, however the article does contain a "citation needed" area, which has not been resolved.
The introduction to the comparative anatomy section was accurately referenced with appropriate, reliable references, however the "history" section is not accurately referenced, and is missing a reference in the first paragraph. The references and bibliography that are provided, come from reliable sources, such as reliable academic journals, atlases, and textbooks. These sources are neutral, and are academic in nature. That being said, these neutral sources are not biased.
It does appear that there may be instances of plagiarism on this article topic. There are no resources for the information provided on homologous structures or analogous structures, which are only provided by links to other Wikipedia pages. Additionally, the majority of the information in the "history" section, is not cited. Currently, the information does not appear to be out of date, however there is information missing regarding scala naturae. Similarly, clarity could be further considered, specifically regarding the role of comparative genetics as a subfield of comparative anatomy. Additionally, more information, as well as more examples, could be included to accurately display homologous structures, analogous structures, and homoplastic structures. The information on homologous structures is accurate, but could use more examples. The definition of analogous structures should include that analogous structures may or may not appear similar, but have similar functions, and that they are not derived from a common ancestor, but are a result of convergent evolution. Additionally, more examples should be included for analogous structures. Homoplastic structures, however, are different from analogous structures, which is not emphasized, clearly, in this article topic. Homoplastic structures are structures that originally had distant common ancestors, who did not contain a characteristic, in which convergent evolution produced in two or more taxa. These structures are similar in appearance, and may or may not have similar functions. Additionally, more examples should be included for homoplastic structures.
One of the rather large concerns on the talk page is concerned with the fact that the page needs to be heavily edited, grammar wise. Additionally, there was talk about the lack of inclusiveness of some famous scientists in the "history" section, and the fact that, originally, when presented with the "morphology" page, Wikipedia would redirect viewers to the "Comparative Anatomy" page. Additionally, there is of recent concern with the description of genomics in comparative anatomy, more specifically the lack of clarity that is present with the current description of genomics in comparative anatomy.
As far as I can tell, the article is not rated. Additionally, the article does not appear to be a part of any WikiProjects, although there does appear to be two comments, on the talk page, from a comparative anatomy course. Wikipedia discusses comparative anatomy a little bit differently from the way we've discussed comparative anatomy in class. When discussing comparative anatomy, we've discussed comparative anatomy in the context of chordates and vertebrates, whereas Wikipedia refers to comparative anatomy as a whole, not restricted to chordates and vertebrates.
There is a missing citation, in the history section, of this article.
The information in this text, which requires a citation, occurs regarding Pierre Belon. In the article, Pierre Belon is described to be a naturalist, who studies dolphin embryos, as well as makes comparisons between the skeletons of birds and humans. This information was not previously cited, but I have added a new citation for this information.
The following is the citation that was added: Gudger, E. W. (1934). "The Five Great Naturalists of the Sixteenth Century: Belon, Rondelet, Salviani, Gesner and Aldrovandi: A Chapter in the History of Ichthyology". Isis. 22 (1): 21–40. doi: 10.1086/346870.
This resource discusses Pierre Belon's work, regarding the development of dolphins, as well as the comparisons that Belon had made between the skeletons of birds and humans.
Preference:
Related Wikipedia Topics/Pages
I am the designated group member, whose sandbox will collectively outline the planned contributions to the selected article(s) that relate to the moray eel.
Article Contribution Outline:
Academic Resources:
Begin your work for next week by considering the following next steps:
Osquaesitor ( talk) 00:39, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
The two main subspecies of the Moray Eel are defined as Muraeninae and Uropterygiinae. [1] These two monophyletic groups are distinctly defined by the location of their fins. [1] In Muraeninae the dorsal fin is found begin near the gill slits and run all the way down the back of the eel, while the anal fin is just behind the anus. [1] Uropterygiinnae, on the other hand, are defined by both their dorsal and anal fin being located at the end of their tails. [1]
Pleomerism, or the process of elongation due to the increase in number of vertebra. [2] However, the development of vertebrae evolved independently from lengthened body and explains the high amount of diversity among Moray eel species. [2] Additionally precaudal and caudal regions have differing modes of development and vertebra in these regions do not increase in a synchronous fashion. [2]
Where most predatory fish feed using suction to pull prey into their mouths, moray eels (which show smaller pectoral structures than other teleosts) rely on biting to capture prey, using specialized jaw structures to do so. [3] In the action of lunging at prey and biting down, water flows out the posterior side of the mouth opening, reducing waves in front of the eel and allowing the eel to bite down on prey without the aid of negative pressure, with the result that bite times are greatly increased but an aggressive approach to predation is supported. [3]
The shape of the jaw also reflects the respective diets of different species of moray eel. Evolving separately multiple times across the Muraenidae, rounded jaws, and molar-like teeth allow durophagous eels like Gymnomuraena zebra, genus Echidna, and some others to consume crustaceans, while other piscivorous genera of Muraenidae have pointed jaws and longer teeth. [4] [5] [6] This division between durophagous and piscivorous morays is not entirely clearly defined, however, with the extent of jaw optimization for prey types being varied across different species, and bodily actions such as knotting equalizing differences in feeding ability based on jaw morphologies. [6]
Image or Media File:
The moray eel is known for it's wide species diversity and habitat occupation. The moray eel can be found in two separate aquatic environments: freshwater habitats and saltwater habitats. When concerning freshwater habitats, there is relatively little species abundance, or rather species richness, in these environments. [7] The most widely known, and most relatively acknowledged, freshwater moray eel is Gymnothorax polyuranodon, which is considered to be one of the only freshwater moray eels, to exist. [7] Additionally, these moray eels can be found in habitats at depths of roughly 80 centimeters. [7]
The saltwater habitats are not uniform and have much variability, including shallow water nearshore areas, continental slopes, continental shelfs, deep benthic habitats, and mesopelagic zones of the ocean. [8] Additionally, specifically concerning saltwater habitats, the moray eel is considered " cosmopolitan," which is a loosely used term, referring to the fact that the moray eel contains various species, which can occupy two separate saltwater habitats: tropical oceans and temperate oceans. Tropical oceans are typically located near the equator, whereas temperate oceans are typically located away from the equator. That being said, the moray eel is capable of living in relatively warm water, despite the ocean being tropical or temperate. [8] Additionally, these moray eels can be found in habitats at depths greater than 10 meters. [9]
However, although the moray eel can occupy both tropical oceans and temperate oceans, as well as both freshwater and saltwater, the majority of moray eels occupy warm saltwater environments, which contain reefs. [10] Additionally, within the tropical oceans and temperate oceans, the moray eel occupies shelters, such as dead patch reefs and coral rubble rocks, and less frequently occupies live coral reefs. [10]
Skates mate at the same nursery ground each year. In order to fertilize the egg, males use
claspers, a structure attached to the pelvic fins. The claspers allow them to direct the flow of semen into the female's
cloaca. Skates are
oviparous, meaning they lay eggs with very little development in the mother. This is one major difference from stingrays, which are
viviparous, meaning that they give birth to live young. When a female skate is fertilized, a protected case forms around the embryo called an
egg case, or more commonly called a mermaid's purse. This egg case is then deposited out of the mother's body onto the ocean floor, where the skates develop for up to 15 months before they enter the external environment.
Egg cases have distinct characteristics that are individualized to each species. This makes a great tool for identifying different species of skates. One of these identifiable structures, is the keel. The keel is a flexible ridge that runs along the outside of the structure. Another characteristic is the number of embryos within the egg case. Some species contain only one embryo, while others can have up to roughly seven. The size of the fibrous shell around the case is another characteristic. Some species have thick layers on the exterior, however other species don't even have the presence of this layer.
Skates, like stingrays, have a distinct flat body shape with flat
pectoral fins that extend throughout the length of their body. Their body shape and large pectoral fins allow them to glide close to the floor of their habitat in search for
benthic prey. Another key external characteristic of the skate is its rough skin made of placoid scales.
Placoid scales have a pointed tip that is oriented caudally and are made of the same composition as teeth. The skin texture has been compared to sand paper. Their mouths are located ventrally or on the underside of the body, and are made up of a moveable jaw, also assisting to their
benthic feeding style. Skate's
gill slits are located ventrally as well, but dorsal
spiracles allow the skate to be partially buried in floor sediment and still complete respiratory exchange. Also located on the dorsal side of the skate are the eyes used for the awareness of predators and other surroundings. In addition to their pectoral fins, skates have a first and second
dorsal fin,
caudal fin, and paired
pelvic fins. Current research suggests that some species of skates use these pelvic fins to perform ambulatory locomotion (watch a video here) on the water floor. This form of locomotion performed by the skate is being explored as a possible origin for our own development of walking, by looking for similar neural pathways used for movement between skates and animals walking on land.
The venom of the stingray has been relatively unstudied, at the current moment. This is because when the venom is released, it also contains mucus from the external layer of the stingray. Do to the mixture of mucus with venom, researchers have struggled when aiming to test the chemical content of only the venom, and not have the mucus get contaminate the sample because of the continuous contamination by the mucus. There has been one study that was successful in separating the mucus and the venom from each other. What we do know is that t The venom is produced and stored in the secretory cells of the spine, located at the mid-distal regionCITATION (da Silva Jr., N., et. al., 2015). Typically, other venomous creatures have been known to create and store their venom in a separate gland (i.e., examples). The toxins that have been confirmed to be within the venom are The venom consists of toxins, such as cystatins, peroxiredoxin, and galectinCITATION (Baumann, K., et. al., 2014). Galectin induces cell death in its victims and cystatins inhibits defense enzymes. In humans, these toxins lead to increased blood flow in the superficial capillaries, as well as and cell deathCITATION (Dos Santos., et. al., 2017).
The stingray uses Mmedian Ppaired Ffins (MPF), opposed to pure undulations where the caudal fin is the source of locomotion. MPF provides quicker, and as well as more accurate movement needed for benthic organismsCITATION (Wang, Y., et al., 2015). The wave-like motion is performed by coordinated sequential movements between the pectoral fins and pelvic fins. The pectoral fins preform an undulation, followed by a pelvic fin pull on the benthic floorCITATION (Macesic, L., et al., 2013).
Stingrays are composed of cartilaginous skeletons, with portions that are strengthened through the process of calcification. The cartilage allows the fish to stay afloat, despite its lack of a swim bladder.
The vertebral column of the stingray is composed of the pre-caudal and caudal vertebrate, with the pre-caudal vertebrae forming first.
Stingrays are counter shaded, meaning that the
dorsal side is darker than the
ventral side, allowing for the stingray to become camouflage with it's surroundings, whether it is swimming around or at the bottom of the ocean.
The mouth of the stingrays are is located on the ventral side of the animal. The teeth are large, modified, placid scales that have the appearance of flat plates, which aid in the crushing of hard shelled prey.
The stingray's respiratory anatomy is rather complex, as they have two separate ways to take in water to utilize the oxygen for oxygen utilization. Most of the time, stingrays will pull in water using their mouths, which then is sent send water through the gills for gas exchange. While efficient, they stingrays are unable to use their mouths when hunting, as they bury themselves into the ocean floor, waiting for prey to swim by. This is where their second system comes into play, using in which they use a dorsal opening on the head called a spiracle, they can draw in that draws water directly into their gills for gas exchange. While this system is less efficient, as the spiracle is unable to pull in the same amount of water as the mouth, it is plenty sufficient for the stingray to survive on, while awaiting its prey.
Moray Eel- Response to Feedback
What pages will be edited?
--->The first paragraph will go under the Taxonomy section. And the second paragraph will be added to a new section labeled 'Evolution'.
Image proposal?
--->I am trying to find a appropriate phylogeny (done in the correct time frame), but am having no luck. Instead I will be looking for a picture comparing the fins of the Muraeninae and Uropterygiinae.
How does Pleomerism relate?
--->This relates to the how the species evolved, I will add more context to make this more applicable in the 'Evolution' section.
Link to other Wikipedia pages?
---> The two subspecies that were mentioned do no have their own Wikipedia page.
Moray Eel- Revised Draft / Future Plans
The two main subspecies of the Moray Eel are defined as Muraeninae and Uropterygiinae. [1] These two monophyletic groups are distinctly defined by the location of their fins. In Muraeninae the dorsal fin is found near the gill slits and runs down the back of the eel, while the anal fin is behind the anus. [1] The Uropterygiinnae, on the other hand, are defined by both their dorsal and anal fin being located at the end of their tails. [1]
Pleomerism is the process of elongation due to the increase in number of vertebra. [2] However, the development of vertebrae evolved independently from lengthened body and explains the high amount of diversity among Moray eel species. [2] Additionally precaudal and caudal regions have differing modes of development and vertebra in these regions do not increase in a synchronous fashion. [2]
*Changes made*
-Grammar/sentence structure
-Reduced wordy sentences
*Changes to be made*
-Picture of Muraeninae and Uropterygiinae
-Link Muraeninae & Uropterygiinae to Wikipedia pages
-Keep searching for a phylogenetic tree
*Clarifications*
-The first paragraph will go under the Taxonomy section.
-The second paragraph will be added to a new section labeled 'Evolution'.
Comments from Dr. Schutz:
Taxonomy
Order: Anguilliformes [11]
Class: Actinopterygii [11]
Family: Muraenidae [11]
These genera fall into the two sub-families of Muraeninae and Uropterygiinae, which can be distinctly defined by the location of their fins. In Muraeninae the dorsal fin is found near the gill slits and runs down the back of the eel, while the anal fin is behind the anus. The Uropterygiinnae, on the other hand, are defined by both their dorsal and anal fin being located at the end of their tails. Though this distinction can be seen between the two sub-families, there are still many varieties of genera within Muraeninae and Uropterygiinae.
Evolution
The Moray Eel's change in shape within the species is due to an elongation process called which is due to the increase in number of vertebra. [12] However, the development of vertebrae evolved independently from lengthened body and explains the high amount of diversity among Moray eel species. [12] Additionally precaudal and caudal regions have differing modes of development and vertebra in these regions do not increase in a synchronous fashion. [12]
Where most predatory fish feed using suction to pull prey into their mouths, moray eels (which show smaller pectoral structures than other teleosts) rely on biting to capture prey, using specialized jaw structures to do so. [3] In the action of lunging at prey and biting down, water flows out the posterior side of the mouth opening, reducing waves in front of the eel and allowing the eel to bite down on prey without the aid of negative pressure, with the result that bite times are greatly increased but an aggressive approach to predation is supported. [3] In addition, The first of the five ossified branchial arches present in morays has evolved to become the pharyngeal jaw, which aids in pulling prey into the throat. [3] [13]
Differing shapes of the jaw and teeth also reflect the respective diets of different species of moray eel. Evolving separately multiple times across the Muraenidae, rounded jaws, and molar-like teeth allow durophagous eels like Gymnomuraena zebra, genus Echidna, and some others to consume crustaceans, while other piscivorous genera of Muraenidae have pointed jaws and longer teeth. [4] [5] [6] These morphological patterns carry over to teeth positioned on the roof of the mouth, which acts as an extension of the jaw. [13] [14] This division between durophagous and piscivorous morays is not entirely clearly defined, however. The extent to which jaw morphology is optimized for different prey types varies across different species, and specialized body movements such as knotting equalize morphology-predicated differences in feeding ability across different species. [6]
The moray eel can be found in two separate aquatic environments: freshwater habitats and saltwater habitats. [7] When concerning saltwater habitats, there is an extremely wide diversity, and large quantity, of moray eels which occupy these waters. [10] An example of a saltwater moray eel, would be that of Gymnothorax vicinus. [10] When concerning freshwater habitats, there is relatively little species abundance, or rather species richness, in these environments. [7] The most widely known, and most relatively acknowledged, freshwater moray eel is Gymnothorax polyuranodon. [7] Consequently, these moray eels can be found in habitats at depths of over roughly 80 centimeters. [7]
The saltwater habitats are not uniform and have much variability, including shallow water nearshore areas, continental slopes, continental shelfs, deep benthic habitats, and mesopelagic zones of the ocean. [8] In saltwater habitats, moray eels are considered " cosmopolitan," which is a loosely used term referring to the fact that the moray eel contains various species which can occupy two separate saltwater habitats: tropical oceans and temperate oceans. Tropical oceans are typically located near the equator, whereas temperate oceans are typically located away from the equator. That being said, the moray eel is capable of living in relatively warm water, despite the ocean being tropical or temperate. [8] As a result, these moray eels can be found in habitats at depths greater than 10 meters. [9]
Although the moray eel can occupy both tropical oceans and temperate oceans, as well as both freshwater and saltwater, the majority of moray eels occupy warm saltwater environments, which contain reefs. [10] Within the tropical oceans and temperate oceans, the moray eel occupies shelters, such as dead patch reefs and coral rubble rocks, and less frequently occupies live coral reefs. [10]
Please see "Draft #2 - Moray Eel" for the figures that will be included, within our article contribution.
The moray eel can be found in two separate aquatic environments: freshwater habitats and saltwater habitats. [7] When concerning saltwater habitats, there is an extremely wide diversity, and large quantity, of moray eels which occupy these waters. [10] An example of a saltwater moray eel, would be that of Gymnothorax vicinus. [10] When concerning freshwater habitats, there is relatively little species abundance, or rather species richness, in these environments. [7] The most widely known, and most relatively acknowledged, freshwater moray eel is Gymnothorax polyuranodon. [7] Consequently, these moray eels can be found in habitats at depths of over roughly 80 centimeters. [7]
The saltwater habitats are not uniform and have much variability, including shallow water nearshore areas, continental slopes, continental shelfs, deep benthic habitats, and mesopelagic zones of the ocean. [8] In saltwater habitats, moray eels are considered " cosmopolitan," which is a loosely used term referring to the fact that the moray eel contains various species which can occupy two separate saltwater habitats: tropical oceans and temperate oceans. Tropical oceans are typically located near the equator, whereas temperate oceans are typically located away from the equator. That being said, the moray eel is capable of living in relatively warm water, despite the ocean being tropical or temperate. [8] As a result, these moray eels can be found in habitats at depths greater than 10 meters. [9]
Although the moray eel can occupy both tropical oceans and temperate oceans, as well as both freshwater and saltwater, the majority of moray eels occupy warm saltwater environments, which contain reefs. [10] Within the tropical oceans and temperate oceans, the moray eel occupies shelters, such as dead patch reefs and coral rubble rocks, and less frequently occupies live coral reefs. [10]
*Please see "Draft #2 - Moray Eel" for the figures that are included, within my article contribution.
The moray eel can be found in two separate aquatic environments: freshwater habitats and saltwater habitats. [7] When concerning saltwater habitats, there is an extremely wide diversity, and large quantity, of moray eels which occupy these waters. [10] An example of a saltwater moray eel, would be that of Gymnothorax vicinus. [10] When concerning freshwater habitats, there is relatively little species abundance, or rather species richness, in these environments. [7] The most widely known, and most relatively acknowledged, freshwater moray eel is Gymnothorax polyuranodon. [7] Consequently, these moray eels can be found in habitats at depths of over roughly 80 centimeters. [7]
The saltwater habitats are not uniform and have much variability, including shallow water nearshore areas, continental slopes, continental shelfs, deep benthic habitats, and mesopelagic zones of the ocean. [8] In saltwater habitats, moray eels are considered " cosmopolitan," which is a loosely used term referring to the fact that the moray eel contains various species which can occupy two separate saltwater habitats: tropical oceans and temperate oceans. Tropical oceans are typically located near the equator, whereas temperate oceans are typically located away from the equator. That being said, the moray eel is capable of living in relatively warm water, despite the ocean being tropical or temperate. [8] As a result, these moray eels can be found in habitats at depths greater than 10 meters. [9]
Although the moray eel can occupy both tropical oceans and temperate oceans, as well as both freshwater and saltwater, the majority of moray eels occupy warm saltwater environments, which contain reefs. [10] Within the tropical oceans and temperate oceans, the moray eel occupies shelters, such as dead patch reefs and coral rubble rocks, and less frequently occupies live coral reefs. [10]
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