Upper Chinook | |
---|---|
Kiksht | |
Native to | United States |
Region | Columbia River |
Extinct | 11 July 2012
[1] with the death of Gladys Thompson |
Chinookan
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
wac |
Glottolog |
wasc1239 |
ELP | Wasco-Wishram |
Upper Chinook, endonym Kiksht, [2] also known as Columbia Chinook, and Wasco-Wishram after its last surviving dialect, is a recently extinct language of the US Pacific Northwest. It had 69 speakers in 1990, of whom 7 were monolingual: five Wasco [3] and two Wishram. In 2001, there were five remaining speakers of Wasco. [4]
The last fully fluent speaker of Kiksht, Gladys Thompson, died in July 2012. [1] She had been honored for her work by the Oregon Legislature in 2007. [5] [6] [7] Two new speakers were teaching Kiksht at the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in 2006. [8] The Northwest Indian Language Institute of the University of Oregon formed a partnership to teach Kiksht and Numu in the Warm Springs schools. [9] [10] Audio and video files of Kiksht are available at the Endangered Languages Archive. [11]
The last fluent speaker of the Wasco-Wishram dialect was Madeline Brunoe McInturff, and she died on 11 July 2006 at the age of 91. [12]
Kathlamet has been classified as an additional dialect; it was not mutually intelligible.
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | sibilant | lateral | plain | labial | plain | labial | |||||
Nasal | m | n | |||||||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | p | t | ts | tɬ | tʃ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ |
ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | ||
voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɡʷ | |||||||
Continuant | voiceless | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | xʷ | χ | χʷ | h | ||
voiced | w | l | j | ɣ | ɣʷ |
Vowels in Kiksht are as follows: /u a i ɛ ə/.