The UL enterprise[4] is a global safety science company headquartered in
Northbrook, Illinois, composed of three organizations, UL Research Institutes, UL Standards & Engagement and UL Solutions.
Established in 1894, the UL enterprise was founded as the Underwriters' Electrical Bureau (a bureau of the
National Board of Fire Underwriters),[5] and was known throughout the 20th century as Underwriters Laboratories. On January 1, 2012, Underwriters Laboratories became the parent company of a for-profit company in the U.S. named UL LLC, a
limited liability company, which took over the
product testing and certification business. On June 26, 2022, the companies rebranded into three distinct organizations that make up the UL enterprise.
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. was founded in 1894 by
William Henry Merrill. After graduating from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with a degree in
electrical engineering in 1889, Merrill went to work as an electrical inspector for the Boston Board of Fire Underwriters.[9] At the turn of the twentieth century, fire loss was on the rise in the United States, and the increasing use of electricity in homes and businesses posed a serious threat to property and human life.[10]
In order to determine and mitigate risk, Merrill proposed to open a laboratory where he would use scientific principles to test products for fire and electrical safety. The Boston Board of Fire Underwriters turned this idea down, perhaps due to Merrill's youth and relative inexperience at the time.
In May 1893, Merrill moved to Chicago to work for the Chicago Fire Underwriters' Association. His task was to inspect the city's fire alarm systems. He was also sent to the 1893 World's Fair to inspect the Fair's electrical installations and the Palace of Electricity. In order to determine and mitigate risk in his role as an electrical inspector, Merrill found it necessary to conduct tests on building materials and electrical components. Upon seeing a growing potential in this field, Merrill stayed in Chicago to found Underwriters Laboratories. He received initial funding from the Chicago Fire Underwriters' Association and the Western Insurance Union, a local insurance organization. With $350 of equipment, he opened a small laboratory on the third floor of a local fire insurance patrol station, signing UL's first test report on March 24, 1894.[11]
Merrill soon went to work on developing safety standards, conducting tests, and uncovering hazards. In the early years, UL tested three main types of products: devices meant to stop fire (such as fire extinguishers), devices meant to resist fire (such as fire doors), and devices that frequently caused fire (like wires used for electrical installations).[12] This work soon expanded, and throughout the twentieth century, UL certified many pivotal consumer technologies, such as vacuum cleaners, televisions, microwaves, personal computers, and more.[13]
UL published its first standard, "Tin Clad Fire Doors", in 1903. In 1906, UL established a Label Service for certain product categories that require more frequent inspections. Products that passed UL's testing and regular inspections were given a UL label, which eventually evolved into the UL Mark. From 1905 to 1979, UL Headquarters was located at 207-231 East Ohio Street in Chicago.[14] In 1979, the organization moved its headquarters to a 153-acre campus in Northbrook, Illinois, 25 miles north of its former downtown Chicago location.
UL Solutions has evolved from its roots in electrical and fire safety to address broader safety issues, such as hazardous substances, water quality, food safety, performance testing, safety and compliance education, and
environmental sustainability.
On January 1, 2012, Underwriters Laboratories became the parent company of a for-profit company in the U.S named UL LLC, a limited liability corporation. The for-profit company took over the product testing and certification business.
In 2022, the company revised their go-to-market strategy to include three separate organizations - UL Solutions, UL Standards & Engagement, and UL Research Institutes.[15]
UL Solutions became a public company via an
initial public offering in April 2024 raising around $950million, valuing the company at about $7billion. The company is listed on the
New York Stock Exchange.[2][1]
UL Standards
Sustainability Standards
UL 106, Standard for Sustainability for Luminaires (under development)
UL 110, Standard for Sustainability for Mobile Phones
Standards for Electrical and Electronic Products
UL 50, Enclosures for Electrical Equipment
UL 50E, Enclosures for Electrical Equipment, Environmental Considerations
UL 153, Portable Electric Lamps
UL 197, Commercial Electrical Cooking Appliances
UL 244B, Field Installed and/or Field Connected Appliance Controls
UL 410, Slip Resistance of Floor Surface Materials
UL 796, Printed-Wiring Boards
UL 916, Energy Management Equipment
UL 962, Household and Commercial Furnishings
UL 962A, Furniture Power Distribution Units
UL 962B, Outline for Merchandise Display and Rack Mounted Power Distribution Units
UL 970, Retail Fixtures and Merchandising Displays
UL 1026, Electric Household Cooking and Food Serving Appliances
UL 1083, Household Electric Skillets and Frying-Type Appliances
UL 1492, Audio/Video Products and Accessories
UL 1598, Luminaires
UL 1642, Lithium Batteries
UL 1995, Heating and Cooling Equipment
UL 2267 Standard for Safety - Fuel Cell Power Systems for Installation in Industrial Electric Trucks
UL 6500, Audio/Video and Musical Instrument Apparatuses for Household, Commercial and Similar General Uses
UL 60065, Audio, Video and Similar Electronic Apparatuses: Safety Requirements
UL 60335-1, Household and Similar Electrical Appliances, Part 1: General Requirements
UL 60335-2-24, Household and Similar Electrical Appliances, Part 2: Particular Requirements for Motor Compressors
UL 60335-2-3, Household and Similar Electrical Appliances, Part 2: Particular Requirements for Electric Irons
UL 60335-2-34, Household and Similar Electrical Appliances, Part 2: Particular Requirements for Motor Compressors
UL 60335-2-8, Household and Similar Electrical Appliances, Part 2: Particular Requirements for Shavers, Hair Clippers and Similar Appliances
UL 60950, Information Technology Equipment
UL 60950-1, Information Technology Equipment – Safety, Part 1: General Requirements
UL 60950-21, Information Technology Equipment – Safety, Part 21: Remote Power Feeding
UL 60950-22, Information Technology Equipment – Safety, Part 22: Equipment to be Installed Outdoors
UL 60950-23, Information Technology Equipment – Safety, Part 23: Large Data Storage Equipment
UL 62368-1, Audio/Video, Information and Communication Technology Equipment – Part 1: Safety Requirements
Life Safety Standards
UL 217, Single- and Multiple- Station Smoke Alarms
UL 268, Smoke Detectors for Fire Protective Signaling Systems
UL 268A, Smoke Detectors for Duct Application
UL 1626, Residential Sprinklers for Fire Protection Service
UL 1971, Signaling Devices for the Hearing Impaired
Standards for Building Products
UL 10A, Tin-Clad Fire Doors
UL 20, General-Use Snap Switches
UL 486E, Equipment Wiring Terminals for Use with Aluminum and/or Copper Conductors
UL 1256, Fire Test of Roof/Deck Constructions
Standards for Industrial Control Equipment
UL 508, Industrial Control Equipment, superseded by UL 60947-4-1[16]
UL 508A, Industrial Control Panels
UL 508C, Power Conversion Equipment, superseded by UL 61800-5-1[17]
UL 61800-5-1, Adjustable Speed Electrical Power Drive Systems
Standards for Plastic Materials
UL 94, Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances
UL 746A, Polymeric Materials: Short-Term Property Evaluations
UL 746B, Polymeric Materials: Long-Term Property Evaluations
UL 746C, Polymeric Materials: Use in Electrical Equipment Evaluations.
UL 746D, Polymeric Materials: Fabricated Parts
UL 746E, Polymeric Materials: Industrial Laminates, Filament Wound Tubing, Vulcanized Fiber and Materials Used in Printed-Wiring Boards
UL 746F, Polymeric Materials: Flexible Dielectric Film Materials for Use in Printed-Wiring Boards and Flexible Materials Interconnect Constructions
CAN/ULC-S101-07, Standard Methods for Fire Endurance Tests of Building Construction and Materials
CAN/ULC-S102-10, Standard Methods of Test for Surface-Burning Characteristics of Building Materials and Assemblies
CAN/ULC-S102.2-10, Standard Methods of Test for Surface-Burning Characteristics of Flooring, Floor Coverings, and Miscellaneous Materials and Assemblies
CAN/ULC-S104-10, Standard Methods for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies
CAN/ULC-S107-10, Standard Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
CAN/ULC-S303-M91 (R1999), Standard Methods for Local Burglar Alarm Units and Systems[19]
UL 1741, Inverters, Converters, Controllers and Interconnection System Equipment for Use With Distributed Energy Resources
UL 2703, Rack Mounting Systems and Clamping Devices for Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels
Recognized Component Mark
The Recognized Component Mark is a type of safety certification mark issued by UL Solutions. It is placed on
components which are intended to be part of a UL certified end product, but which cannot bear the full UL
Mark themselves.[20] The general public does not ordinarily come across it, as it is borne on components which make up finished products.
Computer benchmarking
UL offers[21] the following computer benchmarking products:[22]
^Solutions, UL Research Institutes, UL Standards & Engagement and UL (27 June 2022).
"UL Enterprise Launches New Brands". WFMZ.com. Retrieved 2022-08-04.{{
cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link)
^Engineering Progress: The Revolution and Evolution of Working for a Safer World. UL. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
^Knowles, Scott (2011). “Chapter 1: The Devil’s Privilege.” The Disaster Experts: Mastering Risk in Modern America. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 21-61.
^Brearley, Harry Chase (1923). “Chapter 4: The Genesis of Underwriters’ Laboratories.” A Symbol of Safety: An Interpretive Study of a Notable Institution. Doubleday, pp. 17-23.
^Rathom, John R. (1902-11-23). “Where Fire-Defying Inventions Are Tested.” The Sunday Record-Herald. Chicago.