Tyvek's properties—such as being difficult to tear but easily cut, and waterproof against liquids while allowing
water vapor to penetrate—have led to it being used in a variety of applications. Tyvek is often used as
housewrap, a synthetic material used to protect buildings during construction, or as
personal protective equipment (PPE).[1]
History
Tyvek is a
nonwoven product consisting of spun bond
olefin fiber. It was first discovered in 1955 by a researcher for the DuPont
textile company working in an experimental lab, who noticed a type of white fluff coming out of a pipe.[2] That fluff was a form of
polyethylene, which DuPont requested a patent for within a year of the discovery. After technologies improved during the next few years, in 1959 DuPont discovered that when the fluff was spun at high speeds it produced a durable fabric that could be cut with a blade. While the product Tyvek was used since 1959, DuPont did not trademark the actual brand until 1965, making it available for commercial purposes in April 1967.[3] By 1970, Tyvek had reached the mainstream construction industry on both a national and global scale. Its products were often used for the construction of houses due to its ability to keep out liquid, while allowing vapor through.[4] In 1972, DuPont released Tyvek packaging for sterile instruments that were to be used by surgeons and doctors in the medical field.[5]
21st century
In 2017, the DuPont company merged with another chemical company,
The Dow Chemical Company to form
DowDuPont. DowDuPont currently manufactures Tyvek at the Spruance plant in
Richmond, Virginia, and in
Sandweiler-
Contern,
Luxembourg. In 2018, DowDuPont announced plans to expand the Tyvek production capacity of the Sandweiler-Contern factory.[6]
Scientific characteristics and properties
Adhesion and bonding
To bond Tyvek to both itself and a variety of substrates, DuPont recommends
starch,
dextrin,
casein, and
animal-basedadhesives over most
synthetic-based adhesives, emphasizing the effectiveness of water-based and quick-drying glues. DuPont also claims that the following
adhesives are highly effective:
Heat sealing can be used to melt Tyvek and cause it to bond to itself, but this form of bonding tends to create puckers in the otherwise flat material.
Dielectric bonding can be effective in some circumstances, as is
ultrasonic welding.[7]
Recycling
Though Tyvek superficially resembles paper (for example, it can be written and printed on), it is plastic, and it cannot be
recycled with paper. Some Tyvek products are marked with the #2 resin-code for
HDPE, and can be collected with plastic bottles as part of some municipal curbside recycling programs. DuPont runs a program in the United States where disposable clothing, coveralls, lab coats, medical packaging and other non-hazardous Tyvek disposable garments can be recycled, as well as providing a mail-in recycling program for envelopes.[8]
As plastic bag recycling has become more prevalent in the United States, the
American Chemistry Council has recommended that plastic film drop-off recycling locations should be able to accept Tyvek.[9]
Properties of Tyvek
According to DuPont's website, Tyvek fibers are 0.5–10 μm (2.0×10−5–0.000394 in) (compared to 75 μm (0.0030 in) for a human hair). The nondirectional fibers (plexifilaments) are first spun and then bonded by heat and pressure, without binders.[10]
Large sheets of Tyvek are frequently used as
housewrap to provide an air barrier between the outer cladding of a structure and the frame, insulation, etc., allowing water vapor to pass but restricting air infiltration.[11]
Tyvek was used to cover and protect the
Reaction Control System (RCS) thruster ports from water and debris, while the shuttle stack was exposed on the launchpad during the latter years of the
Space Shuttle program.[12] The Tyvek covers were dislodged shortly after ignition and before the shuttle cleared the tower, posing no strike risk as the shuttle was travelling below 100 mph (160 km/h).[13]
Tom Sachs used Tyvek for the outer shell of the spacesuits used in his Space Program series of artworks.[14]
Costa Rica (solely their 20 colones bank note, Z series),[17] the
Isle of Man,[18] and
Haiti[19] have made
banknotes from Tyvek. These banknotes are no longer in circulation and have become collectors' items.
Fashion/personal use
Race bibs, or race numbers are often produced on Tyvek paper, so they are less likely to rip during competition.[20]
Tyvek is often used in garment and other textile labeling due to high durability and washability.
Tyvek
wristbands are used at festivals, conventions, and events where admission and security are concerns, as well as hospitals, resorts, nightclubs, schools, and reunions.
In 2011, fashion retailer and manufacturer
American Apparel included white Tyvek
shorts as part of its range.[21]
In 1976, fashion house
Fiorucci made an entire collection out of Tyvek.[22]
The
ultralight backpacking community has begun to use Tyvek for the construction of extremely light yet durable backpacks.[23][better source needed] In 2012, The Open Company released a foldable city map made of one of the stiffer variants of Tyvek.[24]
Increasingly, reused Tyvek material is being used by home crafters. Protective sleeves for
CDs and
DVDs, tote bags,[25] and
origami wallets[26] also use Tyvek-containing materials.
Tyvek is also used as a durable fabric in shoes.[27][28]
Medical
Tyvek is extensively used for laboratory and medical packaging as the material withstands conditions such as
gamma irradiation or
ethylene oxide gas which are used to sterilize equipment and surgical devices.[29][30]
NSW Police, Australia uses Tyvek overalls to preserve the integrity of forensic evidence at a crime scene, while also protecting "the wearer from the risk of exposure to biological substances, dirt and liquid splashes."[31]
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Tyvek
coveralls are one-piece garments used for
personal protective equipment. They are usually white, commonly worn by mechanics, oil industry workers, painters, insulation installers, and laboratory and
cleanroom workers where disposable, one-time use
coverall is needed. They are also used for some light
HAZMAT applications, such as
asbestos and
radiation work, but do not provide the protection of a full
hazmat suit. Tychem is a sub-brand of Tyvek rated for a higher level of liquid
protection, especially from chemicals. DuPont makes Tyvek clothing in different styles from
laboratory coats and aprons to complete head-to-toe coveralls with hoods and booties. The latter was notably used by the
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force as emergency limited
CBRN gear during the
Fukushima nuclear incident.[32]
Tyvek coveralls, coats or bodysuits are often used during pandemics, for example in the 2013–2016
Western African Ebola virus epidemic, and in the
COVID-19 pandemic, to protect health care workers from infection.[33][34] The Tyvek suits which are most frequently used during the COVID-19 pandemic are sold between $5-$15 USD per piece.[35] Due to a lack of sufficient stock of adequate PPE during the coronavirus crisis, Tyvek PPE became scarce in many places.[36][37] Tyvek bodysuits are generally meant for one-time use. However, Tychem suits contaminated with the virus
SARS-CoV-2 can be disinfected and reused a limited number of times.[38]