Turbulence is a United States
National Security Agency (NSA)
information-technology project started c. 2005. It was developed in small, inexpensive "test" pieces rather than one grand plan like its failed predecessor, the
Trailblazer Project. It also includes offensive
cyberwarfare capabilities, like injecting
malware into remote computers. The
U.S. Congress criticized the project in 2007 for having similar bureaucratic problems as the Trailblazer Project.[1]
Criticism
According to Siobhan Gorman in a 2007 Baltimore Sun article, "The conclusion in Congress, two former government officials said, was that Turbulence was over budget, not delivering and poorly led, and that there was little or no strategy to pull it all together."[2]
One of the Trailblazer whistleblowers who helped with the inspector-general report,
Thomas Andrews Drake, was later charged under the
Espionage Act of 1917 for allegedly retaining five documents in his home. Two of those documents were about Turbulence; his defense pointed out that one of these documents was clearly marked "
UNCLASSIFIED" and the other was declassified shortly after his indictment.[3] Thomas Drake pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor count of unauthorized use of a computer on June 10, 2011, and was sentenced to one year probation.[4]
Programs
Turbulence includes nine core programs, of which names are known:[2]
According to an
XKeyscore presentation, TRAFFICTHIEF is a database of "
Meta-data from a subset of tasked strong-selectors" [6] According to the XKeyscore presentation, an example of a strong selector is an email address. In other words, it would be a database of the metadata associated with names, phone numbers, email addresses, etc., that the intelligence services are specifically targeting. [citation needed]Marc Ambinder gives what he calls an educated guess: "raw
SIGINT viewer for data analysis."[7]