Genus of molluscs
Turbo
Turbo petholatus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Vetigastropoda
Order:
Trochida
Superfamily:
Trochoidea
Family:
Turbinidae
Genus:
Turbo
Linnaeus , 1758
[1]
Type species
Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms
[2]
Batillus Schumacher, 1817
Dinassovica Iredale, 1937
Fornax Jousseaume, 1888 (invalid: junior homonym of
Fornax Laporte, 1835 [Coleoptera])
Halopsephus Rehder, 1943
Laeviturbo Cossmann, 1918
Lunatica Röding, 1798
Turbo (Aspilaturbo) S.T. Williams, 2008
Turbo (Batillus) Schumacher, 1817
Turbo (Callopoma) Gray, 1850
Turbo (Carswellena) Iredale, 1931
Turbo (Chaenoturbo) McLean, 1970
Turbo (Dinassovica) Iredale, 1937
Turbo (Emilioturbo) Ortea & Espinosa, 1996
Turbo (Euninella) Cotton, 1939
Turbo (Halopsephus) Rehder, 1943
Turbo (Lunatica) Röding, 1798
Turbo (Marmarostoma) Swainson, 1829
Turbo (Modelia) Gray, 1850
Turbo (Ocana) H. Adams, 1861
Turbo (Sarmaticus) Gray, 1847
Turbo (Senectus) Swainson, 1840
Turbo (Turbo) Linnaeus, 1758
Varostium Iredale, 1938
Turbo is a
genus of large
sea snails with
gills and an
operculum ,
marine
gastropod
molluscs in the
family
Turbinidae , the
turban snails .
[2]
Turbo is the
type genus of the family.
Description
The shells of species in this genus are more or less highly conspiral, thick, about 20–200 mm, first
whorls bicarinate, last whorl large often with strong spiral sculpture, knobs or spines, base convex, with or without
umbilicus . Species in this genus have a round
aperture and a solid, dome-shaped
calcareous
operculum . This circular operculum commences as a multispiral disc, like that of a
Trochus , upon the outer side of which is deposited a thin calcareous layer by a lobe of the foot which projects partly over it. This arrangement produces an operculum which exhibits all the whorls beneath, but which is only feebly, or not obviously spiral above, from the more or less general distribution of the calcareous matter.
The
radula is broad and generally rather short. The median, lateral and marginal teeth are always present, and the formula is invariably ∞.5.1.5.∞. The central teeth contain no cusps. The median tooth consists of a narrow oblong quadrate basal plate, frequently with accessory plates of various forms, to the lower end of which is attached the oval body of the tooth,—a simple plate without cusp, bearing supporting wings at the sides. Frequently the central teeth are asymmetrical in this group. The laterals bear supporting wings at their outer angles, and are various in form, with or without cusps. The inner marginals are very large, with large cusps.
[3]
The first Turbo species were found in the Upper
Cretaceous , approximately 100 million years ago.
Taxonomy
According to Alf et al.
[4] the genus Turbo is divided in 16 Recent subgenera. The number of presently known living species in Turbo is 66, plus five subspecies.
Species
Species in the genus Turbo include:
[5]
[4]
[6]
Turbo acutangulus Linnaeus, 1758 (taxon inquirendum)
Turbo albofasciatus Bozzetti, 1994
Turbo angelvaldesi Ortea & Espinosa, 1996
Turbo argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 - Silver-mouth Turban
Turbo artensis Montrouzier, 1860
Turbo bozzettiana Bozzetti, 2011
Turbo bruneus (Röding, 1798) - Brown Dwarf Turban
Turbo cailletii P. Fischer & Bernardi, 1856 - Filose turban
Turbo canaliculatus
Hermann , 1781 - channeled turban
Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791 - Chestnut turban
†
Turbo chevalieri Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
Turbo chrysostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo cidaris Gmelin, 1791 - Crown turban
Turbo cornutus
Lightfoot , 1786 - horned turban
Turbo crassus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo debesi Kreipl & Alf, 2000
†
Turbo embergeri Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
Turbo euthymi Jousseaume, 1881
Turbo excellens G. W. Sowerby III, 1914
Turbo exquisitus Angas, 1877 - Equisite turban
†
Turbo fakaauensis Tröndlé & Letourneux, 2012
†
Turbo faurei Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
†
Turbo fittoni Basterot, 1825
Turbo fluctuosus W. Wood, 1828 - Wavy turban
Turbo funiculosus Kiener, 1848
Turbo gemmatus Reeve, 1848
†
Turbo grangensis Pritchard, 1909
†
Turbo granulosus (Grateloup, 1827)
Turbo gruneri Philippi, 1846 - Gruner's turban
Turbo haraldi Robertson, 1957
Turbo haynesi (Preston, 1914) - Hayne's turban
Turbo heisei Prado, 1999
Turbo heterocheilus Pilsbry, 1888
Turbo histrio Reeve, 1848
†
Turbo histrioides Kase, Tomida, Inoue & Kadota, 2020
Turbo hosodai Tomida & Kadota, 2014
Turbo imperialis Gmelin, 1791
Turbo intercostalis Menke, 1846 - Ribbed turban
†
Turbo ishidai Tomida, Sano & Kase, 2021
†
Turbo izuensis Kase, Tomida, Inoue & Kadota, 2020
Turbo japonicus Reeve, 1848
Turbo jonathani Dekker, Moolenbeck & Dance, 1992
Turbo jourdani Kiener, 1839 - Jourdan's turban
Turbo kenwilliamsi Williams, 2008 - Beautiful turban
Turbo laetus Philippi, 1849
Turbo lajonkairii (Deshayes, 1839)
Turbo laminiferus Reeve, 1848 - crinkly turban
†
Turbo lesperonensis Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
Turbo lorenzi Alf & Kreipl, 2015
†
Turbo maderensis Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
Turbo magnificus Jonas, 1844 - Magifecent turban
Turbo marisrubri Kreipl & Alf, 2001
Turbo markusrufi Kreipl & Alf, 2003
Turbo marmoratus Linnaeus, 1758 - Green turban
†
Turbo matsuzakiensis Tomida & Kadota, 2012
Turbo mazatlanicus Pilsbry & H. N. Lowe, 1932
†
Turbo mekamiensis Nishiwada, 1894
Turbo militaris Reeve, 1848 - Military turban
†
Turbo minoensis Itoigawa, 1960
Turbo moluccensis Philippi, 1846
Turbo moolenbeeki Dekkers & Dekker, 2016
†
Turbo moorei Hayward, 1981
†
Turbo multicarinatus Grateloup, 1832
†
Turbo neuvillei Cossmann & Peyrot, 1917
†
Turbo oryctus (Suter, 1917)
†
Turbo ozawai Otsuka, 1938 †
†
Turbo parvuloides Nomura, 1940
Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo reevii Philippi, 1847 - Reeve's turban
Turbo sandwicensis (Pease, 1861) - Hawaiian top shell
†
Turbo sanoi Tomida & Kadota, 2012
Turbo sarmaticus Linnaeus, 1758 - South African turban, giant periwinkle, alikreukel
Turbo saxosus W. Wood, 1828 - Stony turban
Turbo sazae Fukuda, 2017
[7]
Turbo scitulus (Dall, 1919 ) - Galapagos turban
Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1791 - Rough turban
Turbo smithi G.B. Sowerby III, 1886 - Miniature turban
Turbo sparverius Gmelin, 1791 - Corded Turban
Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843
Turbo stenogyrus P. Fischer, 1873 - Miniature turban
†
Turbo subsetosus d'Orbigny, 1852
†
Turbo tenisoni Finlay, 1927
Turbo ticaonicus Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Turbo bruneus (Röding, 1798)
Turbo tuberculosus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834
Turbo tursicus (Reeve, 1843)
Turbo walteri Kreipl & Dekker, 2009
†
Turbo yoshiharuyabei Tomida & Kadota, 2012
Synonyms
The following species were brought into synonymy:
[2]
Synonyms of Turbo
Turbo aculeatus Allan, 1818 : synonym of
Epitonium muricatum (
Risso , 1826)
Turbo acutus Donovan, 1804 : synonym of
Turbonilla acuta (Donovan, 1804)
Turbo aegyptius Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Rubritrochus declivis (Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775)
Turbo aereus Adams J., 1797 : synonym of
Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo aethiops Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Diloma aethiops (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo agonistes Dall & Ochsner, 1928 : synonym of
Turbo scitulus (Dall, 1919)
Turbo albidus Kanmacher, 1798 : synonym of
Graphis albida (Kanmacher, 1798)
Turbo albocinctus Link, 1807 : synonym of
Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo albulus Fabricius O., 1780 : synonym of
Menestho albula (Fabricius, 1780)
Turbo albus Adams J., 1797 : synonym of
Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo amabilis Ozaki, 1954 : synonym of
Bolma guttata (A. Adams, 1863)
Turbo amussitatus Gould, 1861 : synonym of
Homalopoma amussitatum (Gould, 1861)
Turbo anguis Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Lunella undulata (Lightfoot, 1786)
Turbo angulatus Eichwald, 1829 : synonym of
Gibbula adriatica (Philippi, 1844)
Turbo anomala Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Turbo cidaris cidaris Gmelin, 1791
Turbo archimedis Dillwyn, 1817 : synonym of
Turritella terebra (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo argentata Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo argenteus Anton, 1839 : synonym of
Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo armatus Dillwyn, 1817 : synonym of
Bolma rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767)
Turbo arsinoensis Issel, 1869 : synonym of
Collonista arsinoensis (Issel, 1869)
Turbo aruginosa Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo ascaris Turton, 1819 : synonym of
Aclis ascaris (Turton, 1819)
Turbo assimilis Kiener, 1847 : synonym of
Turbo fluctuosus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo asteriola Dall, 1925: synonym of
Bolma bartschi Dall, 1913
Turbo aurantius Kiener, 1847 : synonym of
Turbo smithi G.B. Sowerby III, 1886
Turbo auriscalpium Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Rissoa auriscalpium (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo ayersi Olsson, 1967 : synonym of
Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo bicarinatus Woodward, 1833 : synonym of
Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo bicarinatus G. B. Sowerby I, 1825 : synonym of
Trichotropis bicarinata (Sowerby I, 1825)
Turbo boswellae Barnard, 1969 : synonym of
Cantrainea boswellae (Barnard, 1969)
Turbo breviculus Philippi, 1847 : synonym of
Littorina brevicula (Philippi, 1844)
Turbo briareus Dall, 1881 : synonym of
Arene briareus (Dall, 1881)
Turbo brunneus Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Turbo bruneus (Röding, 1798 )
Turbo bryereus
Montagu , 1803 : synonym of
Schwartziella bryerea (
Montagu , 1803)
Turbo caerulescens Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of
Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo calathiscus Montagu, 1808 : synonym of
Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo calcar Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Astralium calcar (Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo canaliculatus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo canalis Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Lacuna vincta (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo cancellatus da Costa, 1778 : synonym of
Alvania cancellata (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo carduus P. Fischer, 1873 : synonym of Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus f. carduus P. Fischer, 1873 accepted as Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 (original rank)
Turbo carinatus Woodward, 1833 : synonym of
Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo carinatus da Costa, 1778 : synonym of
Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo carinatus Cantraine, 1835 : synonym of
Cantrainea peloritana (Cantraine, 1835)
Turbo cernicus G. B. Sowerby III, 1896 : synonym of
Turbo japonicus Reeve, 1848
Turbo carneus Lowe, 1825 : synonym of
Margarites groenlandicus (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo chemnitzianus Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo chinensis Ozawa & Tomida, 1995 : synonym of
Turbo cornutus [Lightfoot], 1786
Turbo cimex Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo cinereus Born, 1778 : synonym of
Lunella cinerea (Born, 1778)
Turbo cinereus Couthouy, 1838 : synonym of
Margarites costalis (Gould, 1841)
Turbo cingillus
Montagu , 1803 : synonym of
Cingula trifasciata (J. Adams, 1800)
Turbo cingulata Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo circularis Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Turbo gruneri Philippi, 1846
Turbo classicarius J.E. Gray, 1850 : synonym of
Turbo sarmaticus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo clathratulus J. Adams, 1798 : synonym of
Epitonium clathratulum (Kanmacher, 1798)
Turbo clathratulus Kanmacher, 1798 : synonym of
Epitonium clathratulum (Kanmacher, 1798)
Turbo clathrus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Epitonium clathrus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo coccineus Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1816 : synonym of
Homalopoma sanguineum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo cochlus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Turbo marmoratus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo confragosus Gould, 1851 : synonym of
Astralium confragosum (Gould, 1851)
Turbo conoideus Brocchi, 1814 : synonym of
Megastomia conoidea (Brocchi, 1814)
Turbo coreensis Recluz, 1853 : synonym of
Turbo granulatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo coronatus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo costatus Adams J., 1797 : synonym of
Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798)
Turbo crassior Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Lacuna crassior (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo crassus Kanmacher, 1798 : synonym of
Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798)
Turbo cremensis Andrzeiewsky, 1832 : synonym of
Gibbula adriatica (Philippi, 1844)
Turbo crenatus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Opalia crenata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo creniferus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo crenulatus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo davidis Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo declivis Forskål, 1775 : synonym of
Rubritrochus declivis (Forskål, 1775)
Turbo decussatus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Parthenina decussata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo delphinus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Angaria delphinus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo depressum Carpenter, 1856 : synonym of
Turbo funiculosus Kiener, 1848
Turbo diminutus Link, 1807 : synonym of
Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo dinegrata Rôding, 1798 : synonym of
Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo discors Allan, 1818 : synonym of
Alvania discors (Allan, 1818)
Turbo discrepans Allan, 1818 : synonym of
Alvania discors (Allan, 1818)
Turbo distortus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Angaria delphinus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo divisus Adams J., 1797 : synonym of
Ondina divisa (J. Adams, 1797)
Turbo duplicatus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Turritella duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo echinatus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Turbo chrysostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo elegantissimus
Montagu , 1803 : synonym of
Turbonilla lactea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo elevatus Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852 : synonym of
Prisogaster elevatus (Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852)
Turbo elongatus Woodward, 1833 : synonym of
Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo euthymi Jousseaume, 1881 : synonym of
Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo exoletus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Turritella exoleta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo expansus Brown in J. Smith, 1839 : synonym of
Littorina fabalis (Turton, 1825)
Turbo fabalis Turton, 1825 : synonym of
Littorina fabalis (Turton, 1825)
Turbo fasciata Renieri MS, Brocchi, 1814 : synonym of
Eulima glabra (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo fasciatus Renieri, 1804 : synonym of
Eulima glabra (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo ferrugineus Anton, 1839 : synonym of
Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo filifer Deshayes, 1863 : synonym of
Leptothyra filifer (Deshayes, 1863)
Turbo filosus W. Wood, 1828 : synonym of
Turbo cailletii P. Fischer & Bernardi, 1856
Turbo flammeus Salis Marschlins, 1793 : synonym of Tricolia pullus pullus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo fluctuatus Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Turbo fluctuosus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo fokkesi Jonas, 1843 : synonym of
Turbo fluctuosus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo foliaceus Rousseau, 1854 : synonym of
Turbo lamniferus Reeve, 1848
Turbo folicaeus Philippi, 1847 : synonym of
Turbo lamniferus Reeve, 1848
Turbo fortispiralis Kreipl & Alf, 2003 : synonym of
Turbo smithi G.B. Sowerby III, 1886
Turbo grandineus Valenciennes, 1846 : synonym of
Calliostoma punctulatum (Martyn, 1784)
Turbo granoliratus G.B. Sowerby III, 1908 : synonym of
Turbo moluccensis Philippi, 1846
Turbo granosus (Martyn, 1784) : synonym of
Modelia granosa (Martyn, 1784)
Turbo granulata (Röding, 1798) : synonym of
Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo granulatus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Lunella granulata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo granulosus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Turbo granulatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo graphicus Brown, 1818 : synonym of
Cingula trifasciata (J. Adams, 1800)
Turbo groenlandicus Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo helicinus Phipps, 1774 : synonym of
Margarites helicinus (Phipps, 1774)
Turbo helicoides Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Separatista helicoides (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo hemprichii Troschel, 1849 : synonym of
Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo henicus Watson, 1885 : synonym of
Bolma henica (Watson, 1885)
Turbo heteroclitus Kiener, 1847 : synonym of
Turbo torquatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo hippocastanum Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of
Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo humerosa Smith, 1901 : synonym of
Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo imbricatus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Turritella imbricata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo incarnatus Couthouy, 1838 : synonym of
Margarites groenlandicus (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo indistinctus
Montagu , 1808 : synonym of
Parthenina indistincta (
Montagu , 1808)
Turbo indutus Watson, 1879 : synonym of
Homalopoma indutum (Watson, 1879)
Turbo insculptus Montagu, 1808 : synonym of
Ondina divisa (J. Adams, 1797)
Turbo interruptus Adams J., 1800 : synonym of
Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo interstinctus J. Adams, 1797 : synonym of
Chrysallida interstincta (J. Adams, 1797)
Turbo irroratus Say, 1822 : synonym of
Littoraria irrorata (Say, 1822)
Turbo japonicus Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Turbo cornutus Lightfoot, 1786
Turbo jugosus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo jungi Lai, 2006 : synonym of
Lunella jungi (Lai, 2006)
Turbo labiatus Brown, 1827 : synonym of
Littorina arcana Hannaford-Ellis, 1978
Turbo lacteus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Turbonilla lactea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo lacteus Donovan, 1804 : synonym of
Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo laetus Montrouzier in Souverbie & Montrouzier, 1863 : synonym of
Collonia granulosa Pease, 1868
Turbo laevis Pennant, 1777 : synonym of
Melanella alba (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo lamellosus Philippi, 1846 : synonym of
Turbo lamniferus Reeve, 1848
Turbo lamellosus Broderip, 1831 : synonym of
Lunella torquata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo lapidifera Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo lehmanni Menke, 1843 : synonym of
Notogibbula lehmanni (Menke, 1843)
Turbo litoreus [sic]: synonym of
Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo littoreus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo lucullanus Scacchi, 1833 : synonym of
Fossarus ambiguus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo ludus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Lunella undulata (Lightfoot, 1786)
Turbo lugubris Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Lunella cinerea (Born, 1778)
Turbo lugubris Kiener, 1847 : synonym of
Lunella ogasawarana Nakano, Takashashi & Ozawa, 2007
Turbo macandrewii Mörch, 1868 : synonym of
Anadema macandrewii (Mörch, 1868)
Turbo mammillatus Donovan, E., 1804 : synonym of
Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo maoa Curtiss, 1938 : synonym of
Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo martinii W. Wood, 1828 : synonym of
Amaea martinii (W. Wood, 1828)
Turbo membranaceus Adams J., 1800 : synonym of
Rissoa membranacea (J. Adams, 1800)
Turbo menkei Thiele, 1930 : synonym of
Turbo haynesi (Preston, 1914)
Turbo mespilus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Turbo imperialis Gmelin, 1791
Turbo minimus W. Wood, 1828 : synonym of
Echinolittorina mespillum (Mühlfeld, 1824)
Turbo minutus Michaud, 1828 : synonym of
Clathrella clathrata (Philippi, 1844)
Turbo mitzschii Anton, 1838 : synonym of
Turbo saxosus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo modestus Philippi, 1847 : synonym of
Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo moltkianus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo moniliformis (Röding, 1798) : synonym of
Lunella moniliformis Röding, 1798
Turbo monilis Turton, 1819 : synonym of
Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo muricatus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Cenchritis muricatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo muricatus Nowell-Usticke, 1959 : synonym of
Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo murreus Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Isanda murrea (Reeve, 1848)
Turbo naninus Souverbie in Souverbie & Montrouzier, 1864 : synonym of
Leptothyra nanina (Souverbie in Souverbie & Montrouzier, 1864)
Turbo natalensis Krauss, 1848 : synonym of
Turbo cidaris natalensis (Krauss, 1848)
Turbo nautileus Linnaeus, 1767 : synonym of
Gyraulus crista (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo nebulosus Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775 : synonym of
Monodonta nebulosa (Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775)
Turbo necnivosus Iredale, 1929 : synonym of
Turbo smithi G.B. Sowerby III, 1886
Turbo neritiformis Brown, 1827 : synonym of
Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo neritoides Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo nicobaricus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Chrysostoma paradoxum (Born, 1778)
Turbo niger W. Wood, 1828 : synonym of
Prisogaster niger (W. Wood, 1828)
Turbo nigerrimus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Diloma nigerrima (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo nitidissimus
Montagu , 1803 : synonym of
Ebala nitidissima (
Montagu , 1803)
Turbo nitzschii Anton, 1839 : synonym of
Turbo saxosus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo nivosa Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Turbo tuberculosus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834
Turbo nivosus
Montagu , 1803 : synonym of
Chrysallida nivosa (
Montagu , 1803)
Turbo obligatus Say, 1822 : synonym of
Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo obscura Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo obscurus Couthouy, 1838 : synonym of
Solariella obscura (Couthouy, 1838)
Turbo obsoletus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Turritella exoleta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo obtusatus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo olearius Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Turbo marmoratus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo olivaceus Brown, 1827 : synonym of
Margarites olivaceus (Brown, 1827)
Turbo ovalis da Costa, 1778 : synonym of
Acteon tornatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo palliatus Say, 1822 : synonym of
Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo pallidus Donovan, 1804 : synonym of
Lacuna crassior (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo pallidus Perry, G., 1811 : synonym of
Turbo argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo papyraceus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Pseudostomatella papyracea (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo parvulus Philippi, 1849 : synonym of
Turbo smithi G.B. Sowerby III, 1886
Turbo parvus da Costa, 1778 : synonym of
Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo peloritanus Cantraine, 1835 : synonym of
Cantrainea peloritana (Cantraine, 1835)
Turbo perdix Wood, 1828 : synonym of
Phasianella ventricosa Swainson, 1822
Turbo permundus Iredale, 1929 : synonym of
Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo pethiolatus Swainson, 1840 : synonym of
Turbo sarmaticus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo phasianellus Deshayes, 1863 : synonym of
Calliotrochus marmoreus (Pease, 1861)
Turbo picta Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Lunella cinerea (Born, 1778)
Turbo pictus da Costa, 1778 : synonym of Tricolia pullus picta (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo pileolum Reeve, 1842 : synonym of
Astralium pileolum (Reeve, 1842)
Turbo planorbis Fabricius O., 1780 : synonym of
Skeneopsis planorbis (O. Fabricius, 1780)
Turbo plicatus Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1824 : synonym of
Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798)
Turbo plicatus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Odostomia plicata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo politus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Melanella polita (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo ponsonbyi Sowerby III, 1897 : synonym of
Bothropoma ponsonbyi (Sowerby, 1897)
Turbo porcatus Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Lunella cinerea (Born, 1778)
Turbo porphyrites Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Lunella cinerea (Born, 1778)
Turbo porphyrites [sic, porphyria ]: synonym of
Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo princeps Philippi, 1846 : synonym of
Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo psittacinus Philippi, 1846 : synonym of
Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo pulcher (Rehder, 1943): synonym of
Turbo haraldi Robertson, 1957
Turbo pulcher Reeve, 1842 : synonym of
Turbo kenwilliamsi Williams, 2008
Turbo pulcherrimus Noodt, 1819 : synonym of Calliostoma (Maurea) punctulatum (Martyn, 1784) represented as
Calliostoma punctulatum (Martyn, 1784)
Turbo pullus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Tricolia pullus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo pumiceus Brocchi, 1814 : synonym of
Cirsotrema cochlea (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844)
Turbo punctatus Kanmacher, 1798 : synonym of
Marshallora adversa (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo punctatus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Echinolittorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo punctura
Montagu , 1803 : synonym of
Alvania punctura (
Montagu , 1803)
Turbo purpureus Risso, 1826 : synonym of
Clanculus cruciatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo pustulata Reeve, 1843 : synonym of
Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843
Turbo pustulatus Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843
Turbo puteolus Turton, 1819 : synonym of
Lacuna parva (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo pyropus Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Yaronia pyropus (Reeve, 1848)
Turbo quadricarinatus Brocchi, 1814 : synonym of
Mathilda quadricarinata (Brocchi, 1814)
Turbo quadrifasciatus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Lacuna vincta (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo radiatus Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Turbo intercostalis Menke, 1846
Turbo radina Webster, 1905 : synonym of
Turbo smaragdus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo replicatus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Turritella duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo reticulatus J. Adams, 1797 : synonym of
Alvania beanii (Hanley in Thorpe, 1844)
Turbo reticulatus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Alvania beanii (Hanley in Thorpe, 1844)
Turbo reticulatus Donovan, 1804 : synonym of
Marshallora adversa (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo retusus Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of
Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo rissoanus Delle Chiaje, 1828 : synonym of
Rissoa variabilis (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824)
Turbo ruber J. Adams, 1797 : synonym of
Barleeia unifasciata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo rubicundus Chemnitz : synonym of
Turbo granosus (Martyn, 1784)
Turbo rudis Maton, 1797 : synonym of
Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo rudissimus Johnston, 1842 : synonym of
Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo rugosus Linnaeus, 1767 : synonym of
Bolma rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767)
Turbo rugosus Brown, 1818 : synonym of
Tornus subcarinatus (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo sangarensis Schrenck, 1861 : synonym of
Homalopoma sangarense (Schrenck, 1861)
Turbo sanguineus de Folin, 1868 : synonym of
Collonista purpurata (Deshayes, 1863)
Turbo sanguineus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Homalopoma sanguineum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo saxatilis Olivi, 1792 : synonym of
Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo scabrosus Preston, 1914 : synonym of
Turbo lamniferus Reeve, 1848
Turbo scalaris Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Epitonium scalare (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo semicostatus Pease, 1861 : synonym of
Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo semicostatus
Montagu , 1803 : synonym of
Onoba semicostata (
Montagu , 1803)
Turbo semilugubris Deshayes, 1863 : synonym of
Vaceuchelus semilugubris (Deshayes, 1863)
Turbo semistriatus Montagu, 1808 : synonym of
Crisilla semistriata (Montagu, 1808)
Turbo separatista Dillwyn, 1817 : synonym of
Separatista helicoides (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo seruiensis Smits & Moolenbeek, 1995 : synonym of
Turbo moluccensis Philippi, 1846
Turbo shandi Hutton, 1873 : synonym of
Turbo granosus (Martyn, 1784)
Turbo shepeianus J. Adams, 1798 : synonym of
Onoba semicostata (
Montagu , 1803)
Turbo shepeianus Kanmacher, 1798 : synonym of
Onoba semicostata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo siamea Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Turbo cornutus Lightfoot, 1786
Turbo siculus Brugnone, 1850 : synonym of
Echinolittorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo smaragdus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Lunella smaragdus (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo somnueki Patamakanthin, 2001 : synonym of
Turbo tursicus (Reeve, 1843)
Turbo speciosus Mühlfeld, 1824 : synonym of
Tricolia speciosa (Mühlfeld, 1824)
Turbo speciosus Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Turbo argyrostomus perspeciosus (Iredale, 1929)
Turbo spenglerianus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Turbo canaliculatus Hermann, 1781
Turbo spinosus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo spiralis
Montagu , 1803 : synonym of
Chrysallida pellucida (Dillwyn, 1817)
Turbo splendidulus G.B. Sowerby III, 1886 : synonym of
Turbo laetus Philippi, 1849
Turbo squamosa Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Turbo bruneus (Röding, 1798)
Turbo squamosus J.E. Gray, 1847 : synonym of
Turbo lamniferus Reeve, 1848
Turbo stamineus Martyn, 1784 : synonym of
Turbo torquatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo stellaris Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Astralium stellare (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo striatulus da Costa, 1778 : synonym of
Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo striatulus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo striatulus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Turbonilla striatula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo striatus J. Adams, 1797 : synonym of
Onoba semicostata (
Montagu , 1803)
Turbo subcastaneus Pilsbry, 1888 : synonym of
Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843
Turbo subluteus Adams J., 1797 : synonym of
Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo subtruncatus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767)
Turbo subulatus Donovan, 1804 : synonym of
Eulima glabra (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo subumbilicatus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Peringia ulvae (Pennant, 1777)
Turbo sulcatus Woodward, 1833 : synonym of
Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo sulcatus Leach, 1852 : synonym of
Littorina compressa Jeffreys, 1865
Turbo taeniatus G.B. Sowerby I, 1825 : synonym of
Photinastoma taeniatum (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825)
Turbo tautiranus Curtiss, 1938 : synonym of
Littoraria coccinea (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo taylorianus E.A. Smith, 1880 : synonym of
Bolma tayloriana (E. A. Smith, 1880)
Turbo tenebrosus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo terebellum Dillwyn, 1817 : synonym of
Niso terebellum (Dillwyn, 1817)
Turbo terebra Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Turritella terebra (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo tessellatus Kiener, 1848 : synonym of
Turbo fluctuosus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo torcularis Born, 1778 : synonym of
Turritella exoleta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo torquatus Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Lunella torquata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo tricarinulatus Euthyme, 1885 : synonym of
Turbo cidaris cidaris Gmelin, 1791
Turbo tricolor Risso, 1826 : synonym of
Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo tricostatus Hutton, 1884 : synonym of
Lunella smaragdus (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo trifasciatus J. Adams, 1800 : synonym of
Cingula cingillus (
Montagu , 1803)
Turbo trochiformis Born, 1778 : synonym of
Trochita trochiformis (Born, 1778)
Turbo trochoides Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo truncatus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767)
Turbo tuberculata Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843
Turbo tuberculatus W. Wood, 1828 : synonym of
Tectarius antonii (Philippi, 1846)
Turbo tuberculatus Kiener, 1847 : synonym of
Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo tumidulus Reeve, 1848 : synonym of
Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo turbinopsis Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of
Turbo lamniferus Reeve, 1848
Turbo turriformis Preston, 1914 : synonym of
Turbo lamniferus Reeve, 1848
Turbo turtonis Turton, 1819 : synonym of
Epitonium turtonis (Turton, 1819)
Turbo ulvae Pennant, 1777 : synonym of
Peringia ulvae (Pennant, 1777)
Turbo undulata Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Turbo marmoratus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo undulatus Lightfoot, 1786 : synonym of
Lunella undulata (Lightfoot, 1786)
Turbo ungulinus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Turritella ungulina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo unicus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Graphis albida (Kanmacher, 1798)
Turbo unidentatus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Odostomia unidentata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo unifasciatus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Barleeia unifasciata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo ustulatus Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of
Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo variegatus Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of
Turritella variegata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo venezuelensis Weisbord, 1962 : synonym of
Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo ventricosus Woodward, 1833 : synonym of
Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo ventrosus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Ecrobia ventrosa (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo venustus Philippi, 1845 : synonym of
Turbo saxosus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo verconis Iredale, 1937 : synonym of
Turbo jourdani Kiener, 1839
Turbo vericulum Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo vermicularis Brocchi, 1814 : synonym of
Turritella vermicularis (Brocchi, 1814)
Turbo versicolor Nowell-Usticke, 1959 : synonym of
Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo versicolor Gmelin, 1791 : synonym of
Lunella cinerea (Born, 1778)
Turbo vestitus Say, 1822 : synonym of
Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo vieuxi Payraudeau, 1826 : synonym of
Tricolia speciosa (Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1824)
Turbo vinctus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of
Lacuna vincta (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo virens Anton, 1839 : synonym of
Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo viridana Röding, 1798 : synonym of
Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo viridicallus (Jousseaume, 1898) : synonym of
Lunella viridicallus (Jousseaume, 1898)
Turbo vitreus
Montagu , 1803 : synonym of
Hyala vitrea (
Montagu , 1803)
Turbo vittatus Donovan, 1804 : synonym of
Cingula trifasciata (J. Adams, 1800)
Turbo zebra Wood, 1828 : synonym of
Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822)
Turbo zebra Donovan, 1825 : synonym of
Littoraria zebra (Donovan, 1825)
Turbo zetlandicus
Montagu , 1815 : synonym of
Alvinia zetlandica
Montagu , 1815
Shell and operculum of
Turbo tuberculosus
The following species are
nomina nuda (names not published with an adequate description):
[2]
Turbo curvatus Chiereghini MS, Brusina, 1870 (nomen nudum): accepted as
Eulima philippii Weinkauff, 1868
The following species are alternate representation:
[2]
Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1843 represented as
Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1791 (alternate representation)
The following species are
nomina dubia (names of unknown or doubtful application):
[2]
Turbo articulatus Reeve, 1848 (nomen dubium)
Turbo concinnus Philippi, 1846 (nomen dubium)
Turbo crellenus Linnaeus, 1758 (nomen dubium)
Turbo disjunctus Anton, 1838 (nomen dubium)
Turbo elegans Philippi, 1846 (nomen dubium)
Turbo margaritaceus Linnaeus, 1758 (nomen dubium)
Turbo pustulatus Brocchi, 1821 (nomen dubium)
Turbo variabilis Reeve, 1842 (nomen dubium)
Temporary names:
† Turbo geniculatus Brocchi, 1814
The following species are
species inquirenda (names with uncertain or disputed validity):
[2]
Human uses
When the Caribbean hermit crab,
Coenobita clypeatus , or "purple pincher" as it is known in the pet trade is kept as a house pet, Turbo shells are a favorite choice of shells for the crab.
Turbo cornutus , common name the "horned turban", is an expensive food item in Korea, and Japan, where they are known as sazae .[
citation needed ]
The attractively colored
operculum of at least two different Turbo species has been used for various decorative purposes, including in jewelry and
buttons . These opercula are sometimes known as "cat's eyes".
References
Notes
^
Linnaeus C. (1758).
Systema Naturae , ed. 10, 761; 1767, ed. 12, 1232.
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g Bouchet, P.; Rosenberg, G. (2012). Turbo Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=151576 on 2012-09-27
^
G.W. Tryon (1888), Manual of Conchology X; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia
^
a
b Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim,
ISBN
3-925919-27-9 .
^
WoRMS : Turbo accessed : 18 October 2010]
^
Turbo .
ITIS . Accessed 22 November 2008
^
Hiroshi Fukuda (2017), Nomenclature of the horned turbans previously known as Turbo cornutus (Lightfoot), 1786 and Turbo chinensis Ozawa & Tomida, 1995 (Vetigastropoda: Trochoidea: Turbinidae) from China, Japan and Korea; Molluscan Research Vol. 0 , Iss. 0,0
Sources
Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo . In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim,
ISBN
3-925919-27-9 .
Williams, S.T. (2007). Origins and diversification of Indo-West Pacific marine fauna: evolutionary history and biogeography of turban shells (Gastropoda, Turbinidae) . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 573–592.
Williams S. (2008) The calcareous operculum as a character for defining subgenera in the marine gastropod genus Turbo . Vita Malacologica 7: 1-13. [16 December 2008]