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The Tuhsis were a
medieval Turkic-speaking tribe, who lived alongside the
Chigil,
Yagma, and other tribes, in
Zhetysu and today southern
Kazakhstan.[1] Tuhsi were also considered remnants of the
Türgesh people.[2][3] Turkologist
Yury Zuev noted a nation (國) named 觸水昆 (Mand. Chùshuǐkūn < *t͡ɕʰɨok̚-ɕˠiuɪX-kuən) in
Jiu Tangshu,[4][5] so he reconstructed 觸水昆 as *Tuhsi-kun; however, Nurlan Kenzheakhmet noted that
Tongdian's authors[6] transcribed the same ethnonym as 觸木昆 (Mand. Chùmùkūn < *t͡ɕʰɨok̚-muk̚-kuən), the name of a
DuoluTurk tribe, also transcribed as 處木昆 (Chǔmùkūn < t͡ɕʰɨʌX-muk̚-kuən).[7] Even so, it's unclear whether the ethnonym Tuhsi is of Turkic origin.[8] Tuhsi may be connected to
Cuman clan Toqsoba, if Toqsoba did not derive from
Common Turkictoquz "nine" and oba "clan".[a][10] Hungarian orientalist Karoly Czeglédy compares the name Tuhsi to that of a medieval Eastern Iranian-speaking
Alano-As[11][12] tribe Duχs-Aṣ, located in the North
Caucasus by
ibn Rustah, and proposes that Tuhsis had been of Iranian-speaking
As origins.[13][b]
Whatever their origins, by the 11-century, Tuhsis led a nomadic lifestyle amongst the
Turkic peoples and on the steppe, possessed a Turkic culture, and their language belonged to the
Turkic language family. According to
Karakhanid lexicographer
Mahmud of Kashgar, contemporary Tuhsis were Turkic-speaking
monoglots; after carefully analyzing linguistic materials collected from Tuhsi dialect, he praised the Tuhsi Turkic dialect, among others, for being "pure" and "most correct", both in terms of accent and vocabulary.[15]
Notes
^e.g. Hungarian Turkologist Imre Baski suggested that the element Toqs in Toqsoba could mean "plump leather bottle"[9]
^Alternatively, D.hsās might be a scribal error for *Ruḫs-Ās, who were possibly connected to the
Roxolani.[14]
^Pylypchuk, Ya. "Turks and Muslims: From Confrontation to Conversion to Islam (End of VII century - Beginning of XI Century)" in UDK 94 (4): 95 (4). In Ukrainian
^Zuev Yu.A., "Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuiyao" of the 8th to 10th centuries)", Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, pp. 124 (in Russian).
^Kenzheakhmet, Nurlan (2014). ""Ethnonyms and Toponyms" of the Old Turkic Inscriptions in Chinese sources". Studia et Documenta Turcologica. II: 296, 304.
^Minorsky, V. "Commentary" on "§17. The Tukhs" in
Ḥudūd al'Ālam. Translated and Explained by V. Minorsky. p. 300
^"On the Ethnic Names of the Cumans of Hungary". In: Kinship in the Altaic World. Proceedings of the 48th PIAC, Moscow 10–15 July 2005. Ed. by E. V. Boikova and R. B. Rybakov. Harrasowitz Verlagh, Wiesbaden 2006, p. 50 of pp. 43–54.
^Golden, Peter B. "The Polovci Dikii" in Harvard Ukrainian Studies Vol. 3/4, Part 1. pp. 296-309
^Abaev, V.I.; Bailey, H.W. (1985).
"ALANS". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8. pp. 801–803
^Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by
Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). Part I. p. 82-84