Trimethylenemethane, average of three configurations. Formally, the radial bonds have valency 4/3. Each terminal carbon has 2/3 of an unfilled valence bond.
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Names | |
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Preferred IUPAC name
2-Methylidenepropane-1,3-diyl | |
Other names
Trimethylenemethane biradical; Trimethylenemethane diradical
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Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol)
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PubChem
CID
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Properties | |
C4H6 | |
Molar mass | 54.092 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Trimethylenemethane (often abbreviated TMM) is a
chemical compound with
formula C
4H
6. It is a
neutral free molecule with two unsatisfied
valence bonds, and is therefore a highly reactive
free radical. Formally, it can be viewed as an
isobutylene molecule C
4H
8 with two
hydrogen atoms removed from the terminal
methyl groups.
The electronic structure of trimethylenemethane was discussed in 1948. [1] [2] It is a neutral four-carbon molecule containing four pi molecular orbitals. When trapped in a solid matrix at about 90 K (−183 °C), the six hydrogen atoms of the molecule are equivalent. Thus, it can be described either as zwitterion, or as the simplest conjugated hydrocarbon that cannot be given a Kekulé structure. It can be described as the superposition of three states:
It has a triplet ground state (3A2′/3B2), and is therefore a diradical in the stricter sense of the term. [3] Calculations predict a planar molecule with three-fold rotational symmetry, with approximate bond lengths 1.40 Å (C–C) and 1.08 Å (C–H). The H–C–H angle in each methylene is about 121°. [1]
Of the three singlet excited states, the first one, 11A1 (1.17 eV above ground), is a closed shell diradical with flat geometry and fully degenerate threefold (D3h) symmetry. The second one, 11B2 (also at 1.17 eV), is an open-shell radical with a D3h-symmetric equilibrium between three equal geometries; each has a longer C–C bond (1.48 Å) and two shorter ones (1.38 Å), and is flat and bilaterally symmetric except that the longer methylene is twisted 79° out of the plane (C2 symmetry). The third singlet state, 21A1/1A1′ (3.88 eV), is also a D3h-symmetric equilibrium of three geometries; each is planar with one shorter C–C bond and two longer ones (C2ν symmetry). [1]
The next higher energy states are degenerate triplets, 13A1 and 23B2 (4.61 eV), with one excited electron; and a quintet state, 5B2 (7.17 eV), with the p orbitals occupied by single electrons and D3h symmetry. [1]
Trimethylenemethane was first obtained from photolysis of the diazo compound 4-methylene-Δ1-pyrazoline with expulsion of nitrogen, in a frozen dilute glassy solution at −196 °C (77 K). [3]
It was also obtained from photolysis of 3-methylenecyclobutanone, both in cold solution and in the form of a single crystal, with expulsion of carbon monoxide. In both cases, trimethylenemethane was detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. [3]
Trimethylenemethane has been obtained also by treating
potassium with 2-iodomethyl-3-iodopropene and isobutylene diiodide (IH
2C)2C=CH
2 in the gas phase. However the product quickly
dimerizes to yield 1,4-dimethylenecyclohexane, and also
2-methylpropene by abstracting two hydrogen atoms from other molecules (hydrocarbon or
potassium hydride).
[4]
A number of
organometallic complexes have been prepared, starting with Fe(C
4H
6)(CO)3, which was obtained by the ring-opening of methylenecyclopropane with
diiron nonacarbonyl (Fe
2(CO)9).
[3] The same complex was prepared by the
salt metathesis reaction of
disodium tetracarbonylferrate (Na
2Fe(CO)4) with
1,1-bis(chloromethyl)ethylene (H2C=C(CH2Cl)2).
[5] Related reactions give M(TMM)(CO)4 (M = Cr, Mo). The reaction leading to (TMM)Mo(CO)4 also gives Mo(C
8H
12)(CO)3 containing a dimerized TMM ligand.
[5]
TMM complexes have been examine for their potential in organic synthesis, specifically in the trimethylenemethane cycloaddition reaction with only modest success. One example is a palladium-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of trimethylenemethane. [6]