Trimesitylvanadium (
mesityl or Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) is one of the
organovanadium complexes with vanadium in an
oxidation state of 3. This compound was first synthesized by W. Seidel and G. Kreisel in 1974.[1][2] To prepare this compound, VCl3(THF)3 (THF =
tetrahydrofuran) was reacted with
Grignard reagent MesMgBr to form a blue solution at room temperature.[3][4] It is precipitated by the addition of
dioxane, which results in a blue solid. It is thermally stable, but it is also an air-sensitive compound.
Structure
The fact that trimesitylvanadium is recrystallized with THF adduct is due to the strong interaction between vanadium and oxygen. The bond length of the V-O bond is 2.069 Å.[4] According to Pyykkö's atomic radii periodic trend, 1.97 Å would be expected for a single bond between vanadium and oxygen.[5] This suggests that this V-O bond is not fully of single bond, but it is still close enough that it is considered a strong interaction, resulting in the formation of an adduct in
recrystallization. However, THF can be easily dissociated during the reaction. Experiments found that THF in trimesitylvanadium was exchanged with either
pyridine or
2,2'-bipyridine when the product was exposed to either chemical.[2] A crystal structure revealed VMes3(THF) with trigonal pyramidal or pseudo-tetrahedral geometry.[6][7]
Insertion reaction by using reactive V-C bond
The V-C σ bond in trimesitylvanadium is so reactive that it undergoes insertion reaction of several molecules. Rozzoli et al. investigated the reactivity of V(Mes)3THF with
CO,
CO2, and
tBuCN.[3] When V(Mes)3THF is reacted with CO, it undergoes
reductive elimination and forms MesC(=O)Mes as a product. Excess of CO will also result in the formation of
V(CO)6 as a side product. For CO2 and
pivalonitrile (or tBuCN) as a reagent, they are inserted between the V-C bond. Since V(Mes)3THF is air- and water-sensitive, when the product from the insertion of tBuCN is exposed to water and/or O2, it undergoes reductive elimination to form
imine and
amine. These reactions reveal examples of small molecule activation reactions.
Deoxygenation with vanadium
Vanadium (III) is known to be
oxophilic transition metal.[8][9][10] In vanadium(III) species, V(Mes)3(THF) undergoes
deoxygenation of
styrene oxide.[11] The styrene oxide turns into
styrene while vanadium(III) species becomes
vanadyl(V) species (O=V(Mes)3). This product with V(Mes)3(THF) can form μ-oxo complex in toluene as a solution. This unique compound has a magnetic moment of 1.65 μB per vanadium at 288 K and a V-O-V stretch vibration of 680 cm−1.[11] However, this μ-oxo complex is decomposed under polar coordinating solvent such as
pyridine (= py), in which it forms tetramesitylvanadium [V(Mes)4] and pyridine-coordinated complex [(Mes)2V(py)2] with C2 symmetry. For [(Mes)2V(py)2], the bond length of the V-C bond is much longer than trimesitylvanadium and trimesitylvanadyl complexes. The μ-oxo complex, tetramesitylvanadium, and pyridine-coordinated complex are examples of vanadium(IV) complexes.
Deoxygenation by trimesitylvanadium can also be done for coordinated nitric oxide. In (ON)Cr(N-i-Pr2)3 (i-Pr = isopropyl), introducing V(Mes)3THF in toluene leads to cleavage of N=O bond to form CrΞO complex and μ-oxo vanadium complex.[6][12] This reaction reduces and cleaves the NO bond by using five electrons.
Binding dinitrogen by trimesitylvanadium
This study was motivated after finding vanadium-containing
nitrogenase, which needed a better understanding of the activation of dinitrogen.[6][13] Floriani et al. attempted the reduction of dinitrogen by using V(Mes)3(THF). After reducing with Na metal in
diglyme, Na[V(Mes)3] is reacted with N2 to form N2-bound species V(Mes)3N2Na. This product with Na[V(Mes)3] eventually formed N2-bridge product [Na(diglyme)2][Na(p-Mes)2(p-N2)V2(Mes)2]. Na ion is located in between
aromatic π-conjugation in the mesityl group. Crystallographic analysis revealed that N-N in the product is longer (1.280(21) Å) than free N2 (1.0968 Å). Moreover, this product has a magnetic moment of 1.69 μB per vanadium atom at 293 K.[13] This is due to the reduction of vanadium upon bonding with dinitrogen in a bridging fashion. This reaction was also observed with K metal, resulting in the product with a magnetic moment of 1.83 μB per vanadium atom at 293 K.
Application
Trimesitylvanadium is a precursor for organometallic fragments in hexagonally packed
mesoporous silica (HMS) as a hydrogen storage source.[14] This vanadium-loaded HMS can absorb 2.68 H2 per vanadium center before the
hydrogenation effect and 2.74 H2 per vanadium center after hydrogenation.