Emergency governmental authority created to manage a country during a political transition
A provisional government , also called an interim government , an emergency government , a transitional government or provisional leadership ,
[1] is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following
state collapse ,
revolution ,
civil war , or some combination thereof.
Provisional governments generally come to power in connection with a grave crisis that has caused the previous government to suddenly and irreversibly collapse, such as
economic collapse ,
civil war ,
defeat in a foreign war ,
revolution , or the death of a long-serving authoritarian ruler. Questions of
democratic transition and
state-building are often fundamental to the formation and policies of such governments.
Provisional governments maintain
power until a new government can be appointed by a regular political process, which is generally an
election .
[2] They may be involved with defining the
legal structure of subsequent regimes, guidelines related to
human rights and
political freedoms , the structure of the
economy ,
government institutions , and international alignment.
[3]
Provisional governments differ from
caretaker governments , which are responsible for governing within an established
parliamentary system and serve temporarily after an election,
vote of no confidence or
cabinet crisis , until a new government can be appointed.
[3] Caretaker governments operate entirely within the existing constitutional framework and most countries tightly circumscribe their authority, in contrast to provisional governments, which often operate in the absence of any elected legislature and usually enjoy expansive, if temporary, powers.
In opinion of Yossi Shain and Juan J. Linz, provisional governments can be classified to four groups:
[4]
Revolutionary provisional governments (when the former regime is overthrown and the power belongs to the people who have overthrown it).
Power sharing provisional governments (when the power is shared between former regime and the ones who are trying to change it).
Incumbent provisional governments (when the power during transitional period belongs to the former regime).
International provisional governments (when the power during the transitional period belongs to the international community).
The establishment of provisional governments is frequently tied to the implementation of
transitional justice .
[5] Provisional governments may be responsible for implementing transitional justice measures as part of the path to establishing a permanent government structure.
The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule. Irregularly convened assemblies during the
English Revolution , such as
Confederate Ireland (1641–49), were described as "provisional". The
Continental Congress , a convention of delegates from
13 British colonies on the east coast of North America became the provisional government of the
United States in 1776, during the
American Revolutionary War . The government shed its provisional status in 1781, following ratification of the
Articles of Confederation , and continued in existence as the
Congress of the Confederation until it was supplanted by the
United States Congress in 1789.
The practice of using "provisional government" as part of a formal name can be traced to
Talleyrand 's government in France in 1814. In 1843,
American pioneers in the
Oregon Country , in the
Pacific Northwest region of North America established the
Provisional Government of Oregon —as the U.S. federal government had not yet extended its jurisdiction over the region—which existed until March 1849. The numerous provisional governments during the
Revolutions of 1848 gave the word its modern meaning: A liberal government established to prepare for elections.
List of provisional governments
Numerous provisional governments have been established since the 1850s.
Africa
As of 2024, eight African countries currently have provisional governments:
South Sudan ,
Libya ,
Sudan ,
Burkina Faso ,
Guinea ,
Mali ,
Niger and
Gabon .
Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (1958–1962) (guerrilla movement)
Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979–1980), a short-lived yet internationally unrecognized sovereign state formed in the waning years of the
Rhodesian Bush War , in contrast with the reestablished
Southern Rhodesia . Ultimately dissolved in favor of granting independence to Southern Rhodesia as
Zimbabwe .
Transitional Government of National Unity (Namibia) (1985–1989), interim government during the end of the
South African Border War
Transitional Government of Ethiopia (1991–1995), established after the end of the
Ethiopian Civil War
Interim Government of Somalia (1991–1997), established after the collapse of the
Somali Democratic Republic and the onset of the
Somali Civil War .
Provisional Government of Eritrea (1993), established after
independence from
Ethiopia
Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2003–2006), established in 2003 following the conclusion of the
Second Congo War .
Transitional National Government of Somalia (2000–2004), established at the Somalia National Peace Conference in opposition to the
Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council , formed by rival political factions. Succeeded by the
Transitional Federal Government of Somalia .
National Transitional Legislative Assembly of Liberia (2003–2006),
Liberia 's legislative body during the country's transition from civil war to democratic rule.
Transitional Federal Government of Somalia (2004–2012), established as the successor to the
Transitional National Government of Somalia as part of an effort to end the
Islamic Courts Union 's rule over the nation. Dissolved following the ratification of a new constitution which declared Somalia an
Islamic state .
High Transitional Authority (2009–2014), established following
Marc Ravalomanana 's overthrow and the end of the
Third Republic of Madagascar during the
2009 Malagasy political crisis . Dissolved following the
2013 Malagasy general election , which established the
Fourth Republic of Madagascar .
National Transitional Council of Libya (2011–2012), formed during the
2011 civil war in
Libya against the
Gaddafi -led government
Interim government of
Egypt (2013–2014), established following the
June 2013 Egyptian protests and subsequent
coup
The UN-supported
Government of National Unity In
Libya (2021–present), formed following the
Libyan Political Dialogue Forum in Sirte
Transitional Sovereignty Council (2019–2021, 2021–present), established in August 2019 after
8 month-long protests against President
Bashir and a subsequent
military coup .
Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration in
Burkina Faso (2022–present), formed on 24 January 2022, the group took over after a
coup in January. Its leader
Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba suffered a
coup himself later that year. Afterwards,
Ibrahim Traoré took power as the leader of the military junta and interim president of Burkina Faso.
Transitional Military Council (2021–2022), formed in 2021 following the
death of
Chadian President
Idriss Déby
National Transitional Council in
Chad (2022–2024), formed in 2022 to replace the
Transitional Military Council
National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland (CNSP) (2023–present)
Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions (2023–present)
Americas
As of 2024 in the Americas, only
Haiti has a provisional government.
Continental Congress (1776–1781), interim ruling body of the
United States after
declaring independence from the
British Empire . Following the ratification of the
Articles of Confederation , the Continental Congress was absorbed into the
Congress of the Confederation , which subsequently became the
United States Congress upon ratification of the
Constitution .
Primera Junta (1810), interim ruling body of the
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata following
Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros ' resignation during the
May Revolution . Succeeded by the
Junta Grande after seven months in power.
Junta Grande (1810–1811), successor to the
Primera Junta . Aimed to facilitate the transition to a junta that represented all cities in the
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , only to meet limited recognition within its own territory. Succeeded by the
First Triumvirate .
Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–1824), interim ruling body of
Mexico following the dissolution of the
First Mexican Empire . Succeeded by the
First Mexican Republic following the ratification of the
1824 Constitution .
Provisional governorship of José Rondeau (1828–1830), interim ruling body of
Uruguay following the
Preliminary Peace Convention , in which the
Empire of Brazil and the
United Provinces of the Río de la Plata recognized the country's independence. Dissolved following Rondeau's resignation.
Texian Consultation (1835–1836), interim ruling body of
Mexican Texas during the
Texas Revolution . Ultimately collapsed due to political tensions following the
Matamoros Expedition .
U.S. provisional government of New Mexico (1846–1850), interim ruling body of
New Mexico following the region's occupation by the
United States during the
Mexican–American War . Succeeded by the
New Mexico Territory in 1850 before being
admitted to the Union as the 47th state in 1912.
Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1861–1863 , formed as a
constituent assembly to vote on whether or not to secede from the
United States during the
American Civil War before restructuring itself as a provisional state government following the outbreak of violence between pro-Union and pro-
Confederacy factions.
Provisional Government of Saskatchewan (1885), formed by revolting
Métis during the
North-West Rebellion . Dissolved following Canada's victory in the
Battle of Batoche .
Pentarchy of 1933 , interim ruling body of
Cuba following the deposition of
Gerardo Machado . Ousted after five days in power by the
Directorio Estudiantil Universitario , which appointed the
One Hundred Days Government in their place.
One Hundred Days Government (1933–1934), interim ruling body of
Cuba after the
Pentarchy of 1933 was ousted by the
Directorio Estudiantil Universitario . Overthrown in a military coup by
Fulgencio Batista , who installed
Carlos Mendieta as
president of Cuba .
Junta of National Reconstruction (1979–1985), interim ruling body of
Nicaragua after the overthrow of
Anastasio Somoza Debayle during the
Nicaraguan Revolution . Dissolved following the
election and inauguration of
Daniel Ortega as president.
National Council of Government (1986–1988), interim ruling body of
Haiti , after the departure of
Jean-Claude Duvalier .
Venezuelan transitional government (2019–2022), established in January 2019 by the
National Assembly led by
Juan Guaidó , currently in dispute with the
incumbent government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela led by
Nicolás Maduro . The transitional government is supported and recognized by the United States, the European Union, the
Lima Group , and many other Western countries.
Presidency of Francisco Sagasti (2020–2021), established on November 17, 2020, as a result of various political and economic hardships during the
Peruvian political crisis and the
COVID-19 pandemic , including two presidential impeachments and one presidential resignation. Political analysts in Peru characterized the administration as a "transitional government" and an "emergency government,"
[6] which was eventually succeeded by the
Bellido cabinet following the inauguration of
Pedro Castillo on July 28, 2021.
Transitional Presidential Council (2024–present), established in April 2024 to exercise the powers and duties of the
President of Haiti either until an elected president is inaugurated or until 7 February 2026. The council was officially sworn in as the
head of state of Haiti following the resignation of acting president
Ariel Henry on 24 April.
Asia
World War I and Interbellum
Provisional Government of India (1915),
government-in-exile based in
Kabul ,
Afghanistan
Republic of Van (1915), established as a puppet government of the
Russian Empire in occupied
Western Armenia . Dissolved in the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk following the
February Revolution and the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 's withdrawal from
World War I .
Alash Orda (1917–1918), established as the interim governing body of the newly formed
Alash Autonomy in opposition to rival
Bolshevik councils aligned with
Vladimir Lenin .
South West Caucasian Republic (1919), established in
Kars
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1919), established in exile based in
Shanghai ,
China and later in
Chongqing , during the
Japanese occupation of Korea
Jewish National Council (1920–1948), established by the
Assembly of Representatives in
Mandatory Palestine as the main executive body of the entity's
Jewish community . Succeeded by the
provisional government of Israel after
declaring independence in 1948.
Government of the Grand National Assembly (1920–1923), established as an alternative government to the Allied-occupied
Ottoman Empire during the
Turkish War of Independence
World War II
Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–40) , established by the
Empire of Japan after its invasion of Eastern China
Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945), commonly known as Azad Hind , established by Indian nationalists in southeast Asia, had nominal sovereignty over Axis-controlled Indian territories, and had diplomatic relationships with eleven countries including Germany, Italy, Japan, Philippines, and the Soviet Union. It was headed by
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose , who was the Head of the State and Prime Minister, who was also Supreme Commander of the
Indian National Army . The government had its own cabinet and banks, and was the first government to recruit women for combat roles.
Cold War and aftermath
People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946), a provisional government established following the
surrender of Japan at the conclusion of
World War II , which resulted in the restoration of Korean independence. Following the
division of Korea , the PRK was outlawed by the United States in favor of the
American military government , while the
Soviet Union incorporated it into the
Provisional People's Committee of North Korea .
United States Army Military Government in Korea (1945–1948), an interim government formed by the
United States concurrently with the
People's Republic of Korea following the peninsula's independence from Japan. Later incorporated into
South Korea following the
division of Korea and the American ban on the People's Republic.
Provisional People's Committee of North Korea (1946–1947), an interim government formed by the
Soviet Civil Administration following the
division of Korea and the absorption of the
People's Republic of Korea . Succeeded by the
People's Committee of North Korea .
Interim Government of India (1946–1947), an interim government formed by the newly created
Constituent Assembly of India to administer what would become the
Dominion of India and the
Dominion of Pakistan in the transitional period between
British rule and independence.
People's Committee of North Korea (1947–1948), the successor government to the
Provisional People's Committee of North Korea during the latter period of Soviet occupation. Ultimately incorporated into
North Korea .
Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (1948–1949), an emergency government established by
Sjafruddin Prawiranegara in
Sumatra following the
capture of
Yogyakarta , the then-Indonesian capital, by the
Netherlands .
Provisional government of Israel (1948–1949), successor to the
Jewish National Council , established after Israel's
declaration of independence and in place until after the
first Knesset elections .
Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–1949), established as a puppet government by French during the
First Indochina War .
Provisional Government of the Syrian Arab Republic (1949), established by national consensus to draft a new constitution and reintroduce civilian rule after a series of military governments.
National Council for the Revolutionary Command (1963), interim ruling body of
Syria following the
1963 Syrian coup d'état .
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969–1976), established during the
Vietnam War against the United States and Republic of Vietnam
Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (1970–1972), established after the declaration of freedom of Bengalis exiled to
Calcutta .
Provisional Government of East Timor (1975–1976), established as a
puppet state following the success of the
Indonesian invasion of East Timor . Ultimately dissolved following the country's annexation as
a province of Indonesia .
Interim Government of Iran , a provisional government established after the 1979
Iranian Revolution
Democratic Republic of Iran , formed in 1981 by the
People's Mujahedin of Iran based in
Paris and later Albania. It serves as the main Iranian government-in-exile opposing the clerical government.
Provisional Government of the Philippines (1986–1987), established after the
People Power Revolution until the new constitution ratified
Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (1988–present), after it was entrusted with the powers and responsibilities of the Provisional Government of the
State of Palestine .
[7]
[8]
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (1992–1993)
Khmer Rouge unrecognized government (1994–1998) , an opposition government formed by remnants of the
Khmer Rouge following the establishment of the
Kingdom of Cambodia and the withdrawal of the
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia . Dissolved due to widespread pro-peace sentiment among those left in the Khmer Rouge after the death of
Pol Pot .
Palestinian National Authority (1994–present), the
administrative organization, established to
govern parts of the
West Bank and
Gaza Strip , following the Oslo Accords.
[9]
21st century
As of 2024 in Asia,
Afghanistan ,
Israel ,
Myanmar , the
State of Palestine (detailed above),
Syria , and
Yemen currently have provisional governments. The Syrian provisional governments are opposition groups in rebellion against their internationally recognized government. Afghanistan's provisional government is unrecognized, but is
de facto the country's sole governing body. Myanmar and Yemen have both ruling and opposition provisional governments.
Afghan Interim Administration (2001–2002), established following the overthrow of the
first Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan during the
War in Afghanistan . Succeeded by the
Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan .
Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (2002–2004), formed as the successor to the
Afghan Interim Administration . Succeeded by the
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan following the
election and inauguration of the
First Karzai cabinet .
Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq (2003–2004) with the
Iraqi Interim Governing Council , established to act as a caretaker administration in Iraq following the
2003 invasion of Iraq pending the hand over of power to the Iraqi people and the creation of a democratically elected civilian government.
Iraqi Interim Government (2004–2005) and the
Iraqi Transitional Government (2005–2006) were both provisional authorities established after the hand over of power to the Iraqi people following the
2003 invasion of Iraq to govern pending the adoption of a permanent constitution.
Syrian Interim Government (2013–present), established by the
Syrian National Coalition during the
Syrian Civil War
Supreme Political Council of Yemen (2015–present), established by the
Houthi Movement after the
2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état , currently participating in the
Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) against the governments of
Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi and the
Presidential Leadership Council
Southern Transitional Council of South Yemen (2016–present), established by the
Southern Movement - a separatist group in southern Yemen - during the
Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)
Syrian Salvation Government (2017–present), established by
Hayat Tahrir al-Sham in the
Idlib Governorate
[10]
Interim government of Kyrgyzstan (2020–2021), established in 2020 in the aftermath of the
2020 Kyrgyzstani protests
National Unity Government of Myanmar (2021–present), established in exile by the
Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw in opposition to the
2021 Myanmar coup d'état
[11]
Provisional Government of Myanmar (2021–present), established by the
State Administration Council as a formalization of its rule six months after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
[12]
Caretaker Cabinet of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (2021–present), established by the
Taliban following the
2021 fall of Kabul
[13]
[14]
Presidential Leadership Council (2022–present), established by internationally recognized outgoing president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi to seek a "comprehensive political solution" to the Yemeni Civil War
[15]
[16]
Israeli war cabinet (2023–present), established following the outbreak of the
Israel–Hamas war and Israeli prime minister
Benjamin Netanyahu 's declaration of a state of emergency.
Europe
Confederate Ireland (1642–1652), formed by Catholic aristocrats,
landed gentry , clergy, and military leaders after the
Irish Rebellion of 1641 . Overthrown by the
Commonwealth of England in the
Cromwellian conquest of Ireland .
National Convention (1792–1795), interim ruling body of the
Kingdom of France and the
French First Republic during the
French Revolution . Succeeded by the
French Directory following the
fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the drafting of a new constitution.
First Hellenic Republic (1822–1832), established by anti-Ottoman rebels during the
Greek War of Independence . Succeeded by the
Kingdom of Greece following the assassination of
Augustinos Kapodistrias and subsequent intervention by
Great Britain ,
France and
Russia .
Wellington caretaker ministry (1834), interim ruling body of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland following
William IV 's dismissal of
William Lamb 's administration.
Arthur Wellesley recommended
Robert Peel as Lamb's successor; because Peel was in the
Kingdom of Sardinia at the time, Wellesley headed a caretaker administration until Peel's return to Britain.
Dictator Executive Commission in Warsaw and
National Civil Government (1863), interim ruling bodies of
Congress Poland during the
January Uprising , formed as the successor to the underground
Polish National Government . The coexisting provisional governments were both
de jure ruled by
Marian Langiewicz , whose arrest led to their dissolution in favor of a single coalition government.
Provisional Government of Spain (1868–1871) , established after the
Spanish Glorious Revolution pending the election of a new Constitutional Monarch.
Provisional Government of the Portuguese Republic (1910–1911) , established in the aftermath of the
Republican Revolution that overthrow the Portuguese monarchy.
World War I and Interbellum
Provisional Government of Albania (1912–1914), established after the
First Balkan War
Provisional Government of Western Thrace (1913), established in modern Greece in opposition to annexation by
Bulgaria during the
Second Balkan War .
Provisional Government of Northern Epirus (1914), established against annexation to
Albania .
Provisional Government of the Irish Republic (1916), a title adopted by the leadership of the short-lived
Easter Rising .
Provisional Government of National Defence (1916), alternative government established in the city of
Thessaloniki in northern Greece
Russian Provisional Government (1917), established as a result of the
February Revolution which led to the abdication of
Tsar
Nicholas II .
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs , (1918) established in 1918 as the
unrecognized first incarnation of
Yugoslavia and later merged with the
Kingdoms of Serbia and
Montenegro to form the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes .
Estonian Provisional Government (1918–1919)
Council of the People's Deputies (1918–1919), formed by the
German Empire 's main socialist parties during the
German Revolution before adopting a
big tent policy and facilitating the transition to a republican government. Succeeded by the
Scheidemann cabinet , the first government of the
Weimar Republic , following the
1919 German federal election .
Latvian Provisional Government (1918–1920)
Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland (1918), established following
Austria-Hungary 's Parliamentary motion in favor of restoring Polish independence. Dissolved following the ascension of
Józef Piłsudski as head of state and the establishment of the
Second Polish Republic .
Provisional All-Russian Government (1918), a short-lived anti-communist government formed during the
Russian Civil War . Overthrown by the
white movement in the
Kolchak Coup and replaced by the
1918—1919 Russian government .
Russian Government (1918—1919) , a military government formed by the
white movement following the overthrow of the
Provisional All-Russian Government in the
Kolchak Coup . Dissolved during the fall of Omsk, with its members forming the
South Russian Government and
Eastern Okraina the following year.
Ukrainian Provisional Government (1918)
Provisional Regional Government of the Urals (1918), a short-lived anti-Bolshevik state within the territory of the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . Voluntarily dissolved after two months, ceding power to the
Provisional All-Russian Government .
Provisional Government of the Northern Region (1918–1920)
Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919), established as a
revolutionary committee , under patronage from the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , with the intent of creating a
Soviet republic in
Bessarabia . Dissolved after
Anton Denikin captured
Odesa , where the BSSR operated.
Provisional Governing Commission (1920–1922), established as the ruling body of the
Republic of Central Lithuania , a puppet state of the
Second Polish Republic formed during the
Polish–Lithuanian War . Dissolved after the
Legislative Sejm voted to absorb the state into Poland.
[17]
[18]
Provisional Government of Ireland (1922) , established by the
Anglo-Irish Treaty between the British government and Irish revolutionaries, in order to pave the way for the establishment of the
Irish Free State in the same year.
Tungus Republic (1924–1925), a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state formed within
Okhotsky and the eastern
Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . Dissolved and reabsorbed into the
Soviet Union following peace talks between the two.
World War II
Provisional Government of Lithuania (1941), established when Lithuanians overthrew the
Soviet occupation during the
June Uprising . It functioned briefly until
Nazi Germany annexed the country.
Provisional National Government of Hungary (1944–1945) (Ideiglenes Nemzeti Kormány )
[19]
Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1945)
French Committee of National Liberation (Comité Français de Libération Nationale , CFLN) (1943–1944), set up in
Algiers , then a part of
metropolitan France .
Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) (1944–1946), government of the provisional Republic until the establishment of the
Fourth Republic
Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946)
Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (1944–1945), established by the
State National Council with the intention of creating a Soviet-aligned communist Poland, contrary to the western-aligned
Polish government-in-exile (which it did not recognize). Succeeded by the
Provisional Government of National Unity .
Flensburg Government (1945), established following the suicides of
Adolf Hitler and
Joseph Goebbels during the closing days of the
Third Reich .
Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947), established as the successor to the
Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland . Dissolved following the establishment of the
Polish People's Republic .
Interim National Assembly (1945–1946), provisional ruling body of the
Third Czechoslovak Republic . Succeeded by the
Constituent National Assembly following the
1946 election .
Provisional governments were also established throughout Europe as
occupied nations were liberated from
Nazi occupation by the
Allies .
Cold War
Collapse of the USSR and aftermath
Government of National Understanding, established in
Czechoslovakia after the
Velvet Revolution of 1989.
National Salvation Front (1989–1990), established in
Romania after the fall of
Nicolae Ceaușescu and
the end of the
Socialist Republic of Romania in 1989. Later restructured into a
big tent political party following the establishment of a post-communist successor government in 1990, winning the
general election that year before breaking up into the
Democratic National Salvation Front and the
Democratic Party in 1992.
Estonian Interim Government (1990–1992)
State Committee on the State of Emergency (1991), formed by the leaders of the
1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt . Dissolved after the coup's failure, with
Mikhail Gorbachev being reinstated as the Soviet head of state.
Republic of Ukraine (1991–1996), a transitional government formed after the
1991 Ukrainian independence referendum , which dissolved the
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and formalized Ukraine's independence from the
Soviet Union . Officially declared the legal successor of the Ukrainian SSR after
Mykola Plaviuk , president of the
government in exile , ceded his powers to
Leonid Kravchuk , the winner of the
1991 Ukrainian presidential election . Ultimately renamed
Ukraine following a parliamentary motion to adopt
a new constitution , ending the post-Soviet transition.
United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (1999–
de facto 2008), formed to stabilize Kosovo in the aftermath of the
Kosovo War . Never formally dissolved, but
de facto replaced by the
Republic of Kosovo after
unilaterally declaring independence in 2008.
21st century
As of 2024 in Europe, only
Belarus and the
Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine have provisional governments. The former was established by the opposition in parallel with the
government of the Republic of Belarus , while the latter exists as a Russian puppet government in opposition to the
government of Ukraine .
Oceania
See also
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