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Tics in the absence of Tourette syndrome
Tourettism refers to the presence of Tourette-like symptoms in the absence of
Tourette syndrome , as the result of other diseases or conditions, known as "secondary causes".
Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited
neurological condition of multiple motor and at least one vocal
tic . Although Tourette syndrome is the most common cause of
tic disorders ,
[1] other sporadic,
genetic , and
neurodegenerative disorders may also exhibit tics.
[2]
[3]
Conditions that may manifest tics or stereotyped movements include
developmental disorders ; autism spectrum disorders
[4] and
stereotypic movement disorder ;
[1]
[5]
Sydenham's chorea ;
idiopathic dystonia; and genetic conditions such as
Huntington's disease ,
neuroacanthocytosis ,
pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration ,
Duchenne muscular dystrophy , Wilson's disease, and
tuberous sclerosis . Other possibilities include chromosomal disorders such as
Down syndrome ,
Klinefelter syndrome ,
XYY syndrome and
fragile X syndrome . Acquired causes of tics include drug-induced tics, head trauma,
encephalitis ,
stroke , and
carbon monoxide poisoning .
[2]
[6] The symptoms of
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome may also be confused with Tourette syndrome.
[7]
Tic mimickers
Genetic/chromosomal
Infectious or post-infectious
Developmental
Toxins/insults/acquired
Drugs
Notes
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g Jankovic J, Mejia NI (2006). "Tics associated with other disorders". Adv Neurol . 99 : 61–8.
PMID
16536352 .
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p Mejia NI, Jankovic J (March 2005).
"Secondary tics and tourettism" (PDF) . Rev Bras Psiquiatr . 27 (1): 11–7.
doi :
10.1590/s1516-44462005000100006 .
PMID
15867978 . Archived from the original on 2007-06-28. {{
cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link )
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e Evidente, GH.
"Is it a tic or Tourette's? Clues for differentiating simple from more complex tic disorders." PostGraduate Medicine Online. October 2000 108:5. Available at
archive.org
^ Ringman JM, Jankovic J (June 2000). "Occurrence of tics in Asperger's syndrome and autistic disorder". J. Child Neurol. (Case report). 15 (6): 394–400.
doi :
10.1177/088307380001500608 .
PMID
10868783 .
^
a
b Freeman RD.
"Tourette's syndrome: minimizing confusion" . Roger Freeman, MD, blog. Archived from
the original on April 11, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2006 .
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ae Bagheri M, Kerbeshian J, Burd L (1999). "Recognition and management of Tourette's syndrome and tic disorders". Am Fam Physician . 59 (8): 2263–72, 2274.
PMID
10221310 .
Full text
^ Rapin I (2001). "Autism spectrum disorders: relevance to Tourette syndrome". Adv Neurol (Review). 85 : 89–101.
PMID
11530449 .
^ Bharucha KJ, Sethi KD (Nov 1995). "Tardive tourettism after exposure to neuroleptic therapy". Mov Disord . 10 (6): 791–3.
doi :
10.1002/mds.870100613 .
PMID
8749999 .
^ eMedicine article on Tardive dyskinesia
Full article
References
Further reading
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